Adult Sheep & Goats (Levy)

Question 1

you are presented with a thin sheep, “thin ewe syndrome”, what are your differentials

Answer 1

poor diet: not enough, bad quality, not enough feeder space
teeth problems, lameness, parasites

Question 2

caseous lymphadenitis is caused by ______ and what are the 2 forms?

Answer 2

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

external and internal abscesses (the ones with internal abscesses lose weight)

transmitted via skin/contact with infected animals

Question 3

this goat is losing weight. differentials? how will you confirm?

Answer 3

caseous lymphadenitis, could also be abscesses of other causes or a cysts, possibly wasting diseases like parasites

culture the abscess (individual test) or synergistic hemolysin inhibition test (herd level test)

Question 4

how do you treat caseous lymphadenitis?

Answer 4

antibiotics dont work!!

if they have external abscesses, cull them, or isolate and lance the abscesses, surgery removal only for valuable animals

if they have internal: cull them

Question 5

a new sheep farmer is concerned about the risk of caseous lymphadenitis. what recommendations do you have for him to control the disease?

Answer 5

purpose CLA free flocks, disinfect shearing equipment, isolate affected animals before rupturing them, shear any affected animals last

can do a SHI Test and ELISA (test and cull)

there is a vaccine, but only use it if it can’t be controlled in the flock; it doesn’t eliminate disease, it will just reduce the number of animals with abscesses

Question 6

what are the 4 clinical forms of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) & Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE)?

Answer 6

chronic pneumonia (sheep)
encephalitic form (lambs and kids)
arthritis form (goats)
hard udder (both sheep and goats)

Question 7

how are OPP and CAE transmitted? what kind of virus is it?

Answer 7

lentivirus transmitted via colostrum and milk, respiratory is also possible

Question 8

a 5 yo ewe that recently lambed a few days ago presents with severe dyspnea and has lost weight. She is in very rough shape and you decide to cull her. On necropsy, her lungs do not deflate as they should. What is this disease most likely and what would you expect to see on histo?

Answer 8

OPP

alveoli are filled with cellular infiltrates, mostly macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 9

a 4 yo goat presents with swollen carpal joints and the goat is “on its knees” as per the producer. The goat also seems to have lost some weight. What would you expect to see on a joint tap based on your top dx?

Answer 9

CAE

monocytes and lymphocytes in the joint most likely

Question 10

a 4 month old sheep presents with ataxia mainly in the hind end, and there seems to be some paresis as well. dx?

Answer 10

OPP/CAE

Question 11

“hard udder” is caused by…

Answer 11

OPP/CAE

lymphocytic infiltration causes the udder to become “hard”

Question 12

a farmer has a few sheep suspected to have OPP/CAE. what diagnostic and treatment options are there? How can this farmer prevent any more cases of this disease?

Answer 12

testing: PCR, ELISA on serum, culture

no treatment

prevention: remove any infected newborns from their mothers, heat treat colostrum, pasturize milk fed to babies, serologic surveillance

other options for more moderately infected flocks: milk negative first and positive last, mate neg with neg to breed it out, select for resistant breeds

Question 13

true or false: most SR with johne’s will have diarrhea

Answer 13

false, only 20% do

Question 14

you are presented with a very thin adult goat with chronic weight loss, but the producer says the goat is eating very well still. The goat does not have diarrhea and is UTD on parasite prevention. most likely diagnosis?

Answer 14

johne’s/paratuberculosios

Question 15

how is johne’s transmitted?

Answer 15

milk/colostrum
feco-oral

Question 16

a producer has many suspected cases of johne’s in his herd and wants to test them for it. what options are there?

Answer 16

ELISA
PCR

Question 17

a young goat presents with these oral lesions. based on your top differential, what other location would you expect to see lesions besides the oral cavity?

Answer 17

contagious ecthyma/orf

the udder and possibly the nose

Question 18

orf doesn’t really have a “treatment” and the disease usually goes away in a month, but can still cause some weight loss. What is one other reason you do NOT want it in your herd, and how can you prevent this disease?

Answer 18

it is zoonotic!!!!

prevention: maintain a virus free herd, closely examine new additions to the herd

Question 19

briefly explain the pathogenesis of rumen acidosis

Answer 19

lots of fermentable feed creates lots of VFAs, which leads to a drop in pH, which changes the microbe population in the rumen, S. bovis proliferates and produces a lot of lactic acid causing the pH to drop more, which allows lactobacilli to proliferate, producing more lactic acid, resulting in a self feeding cycle

Question 20

clinical signs of rumen acidosis include

Answer 20

shock, colic, diarrhea, dehydration, lactic acidosis, rapid death, pre-renal azotemia, metabolic acidosis

Question 21

a herd of 3 yo ewes present for diarrhea, colic, and severe dehydration. The producer says they are new to farming and just barely got his sheep a few days ago. He is very worried about his sheep. You find out that the producer gave the sheep their concentrate just last night, and when you asked how much, the producer said he let them “eat as much as they wanted”. Based on your top dx, what treatment is best for the ewe?

Answer 21

rumen acidosis
fluids with 5% bicarbonate to correct acidosis, consider NSAIDs, antibiotics, thiamine (risk for PEM;bacteria eat up all the thiamine), only feed the ewe grass hay and water until she’s better. could consider rumen juice transplant too

Question 22

how will you instruct the new producer to prevent rumen acidosis in the future?

Answer 22

slow introduction of concentrate, or if the sheep are on a high grain ration, add in a rumen buffer like sodium bicarb of magnesium oxide to help neutralize the acidity

Question 23

listeriosis causeswhat 3 things?

Answer 23

multifocal encephalitis, septicemia, abortion

Question 24

a herd of sheep presents for head tilt, depression, and a recent increase in the number of abortions. some of the ewes have also been found dead on pasture. It has been an exceptionally wet season this year. these sheep are being fed a mix of grass hay and silage. based on your top dx, what treatment is best?

Answer 24

listeriosis (L monocytogenes)

procaine penicillin or oxytet, fluid support

Question 25

sheep/goats infected with listeriosis shed it via

Answer 25

feces, MILK, tears, and uterine fluid

Question 26

tetanus in sheep is often associated with

Answer 26

castration and tail docking

sometimes shearing, umbilical infection, post partum metritis

mostly unvaccinated animals

Question 27

in order to prevent tetanus in sheep/goats, you should vaccinate who and when?

Answer 27

ewes pre lambing (so its in colostrum)
AND vaccinate lambs

Question 28

what is scrapie? why does it happen?

Answer 28

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies similar to BSE and CWD

it is an infectious prion that accumulates in neurons

Question 29

scrapie is transmitted vis

Answer 29

ingestion of placenta and amniotic fluid
feces and milk
urine

Question 30

clinical signs of scrapie include

Answer 30

rubbing of flanks against objects, loss of wool, bruxism and/or lip licking, nibbling of feet, trembling, ataxia, weakness, excitable, over reactive to stimuli, dropping ears, aggression, weight loss, death

Question 31

what is the scratch test for scrapie?

Answer 31

scratch their back and they go nuts=scrapie

Question 32

for genotyping scrapie, the codons of interest are

Answer 32

171, 154, and 136

Question 33

for codon 171, if arginine (R)= _____ and if glutamine (Q)=_______

for codon 136, if alanine (A)=______ and if valine (V)=______

so therefore, an AARR genotype means ___ and a VVQQ genotype means___

Answer 33

resistance, susceptible

resistance, suscpetible

R and A are resistant

Q and V are susceptible

not susceptible at all
very susceptible

Question 34

what is atypical scrapie?

Answer 34

usually only 1 case in a herd

ataxia, weight loss, weird behavior

no lesions in the obex on pathology/histo

Question 35

foot rot is a painful contagious disease of the feet and can cause severe lameness, causing weight loss. How is this disease best treated?

Answer 35

examine feet of all animals carefully!
for severely affected animals=cull

for the exposed group: trim feet, foot bath, clean ground housing

for the lame group: extensive feet trimming, antibiotic LA, footbath for 1hr, clean pasture

Question 36

how is footrot prevented?

Answer 36

avoid introduction of disease! quarantine animals for 30 days, regular foot trimmings, foot baths with zinc/sulfur

vaccines DO NOT work for foot rot

Question 37

who is more susceptible to copper toxicity

Answer 37

sheep (young lambs moreso than adults)

Question 38

what are some potential sources of copper in regards to copper toxicity?

Answer 38

swine, equine, or cattle feed
trace mineral supplements
foot baths with copper sulfate
fertilized pasture with chicken or pig manure

Question 39

what are the 3 scenarios for copper toxicity?

Answer 39

acute poisoning: high amount of copper suddenly
primary chronic: accumulation over time in the liver and then sudden release (MOST COMMON)
secondary chronic: plants promote accumulation of copper or hepatotoxic plants

Question 40

pathogenesis of copper toxicity?

Answer 40

copper builds up in the liver, suddenly copper is released into blood, causes hemolysis=anemia, hemoglobinuria/emia, and hemoglobinuric nephrosis

Question 41

clinical signs of copper toxicity?

Answer 41

acute: salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea
chronic: pale, icterus, weakness, anorexia, trambling

Question 42

the “gun metal kidney” is pathogneumiiicncbefiuefubfbfkc for

Answer 42

copper toxicity

Question 43

can copper toxicity be treated?

Answer 43

not really

can try ammonium tetrathiomolybdate to lower copper stores

supportive therapy like fluids to help kidneys

Question 44

urolithiasis in SR is commonly caused by _______. What are some risk factors?

Answer 44

calcium salts and phosphatic complexes

risk factors: high concentrate low roughage feed, feedlot or show rams, limited water, early castration (makes urethra smaller)

Question 45

you are called out to a sheep feedlot where one of the breeding rams is “colicky”. When you get there you see he is struggling to urinate, he is teeth grinding, and you see a little drop of blood coming out as he strains to pee. Based on the top dx, what will you recommend to this producer for this ram and for future rams?

Answer 45

urolithiasis

to fully diagnose: sedate, exteriorize the penis, ultrasound to check for ruptured bladder, rectal palp/pulsations (idk what this means)

treatment: urethral process removal, catheter + retrograde flushing, perineal urethrostomy (salvage procedure), cyctotomy and flushing, etc.

prevention: more water access, balance Ca:P ratio, add ammonium chloride to the diet to decrease urine pH