Adulthood Physiological Changes Flashcards
(15 cards)
1
Q
Adulthood-Stages
A
- Physical Maturation is complete
- Physical abilities are at their peak in terms of muscle strength, cardiac and metabolic function, cognitive capabilities
- Transition to full independence solidification of ethics and moral values
1. Early: 20-39
2. Middle: 40-64
3. Late: 65+
2
Q
Early Adulthood: College Years
A
- Initial celebration of independence, being able to eat whatever you want (“Freshman 15”)
- Increase consumption of junk foods
- Alcohol consumptions begins at the age of 21
- Ethanol is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverage
- Psychoactive drug
-Short-term: Altered behavior, dizziness, nausea, vomiting
-Long-term: addictive properties, liver, and brain damage, cancer - Energy Yield of pure ethanol is 7kcal.gram
- Empty calories- no nutritive value
- Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestines
- influenced by gastric content, body weight
3
Q
Biology of Alcohol
A
- Passively diffuses to all areas of the body like brain, liver, and kidneys
- Metabolized in the liver by two key enzymes
1. Alcohol Dehydrogenase
2. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase * Function of these enzymes varies depending on genetics - 30-50% of Asian population have a mut. in ALDH2 gene that causes a build up of acetaldehyde; this mutation leads to facial flushing
- Alcohol is represented as alcohol per volume (%) or as proof (twice the alcohol per volume)
- 80 proof is 40% alcohol per volume.
4
Q
Dietary Guidelines for Alcohol
A
5
Q
Early Adulthood; Life Style Changes
A
- Graduation, establishment of career, marriage, family planning
- Feeling of accomplishment, success, and worth
- Healthy and in nutrition balance (moderation and variety), regular exercise
- All metabolic systems are in homeostasis
- Body is functioning at optimum levels
6
Q
Middle Adulthood (40-64 years)
A
- Slowing of metabolic rate and onset of physical decline. - Skin begins to loose elasticity , fine wrinkles begin to emerge, hormonal levels decrease.
- Lifestyle:
- Career is at its peak and requires significant time commitment.
- Child-rearing, not enough time to exercise. - Nutrition begins to shift out of balance.
- Inefficient or excess of nutrients
- Sets the stage for the onset of chronic disease
7
Q
Middle Adulthood- Female
A
- Climacteric Changes- changes associated with the end of reproduction
- Decline in estrogen levels and fertility
- Weight gain in postpartum period, hips, thighs, abdominal region
- Hair thins and turns gray
- Gradual loss in bone mass due to loss of estrogen. Rte depends on lifestyle choices and bone mass accumulated in earlier years
8
Q
Middle Adulthood- Men
A
- Decreased levels of testosterone. Reduction in lean body mass and increase in fat mass
- Limited time to exercise, weight accumulation in
abdominal region - Hair thinning and hair loss
9
Q
What is the Healthy Eating Index?
A
Measurement of diet quality used to assess how well a set of foods align with key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Maximum Score: 100%
10
Q
Adulthood: Type 2 Diabetes
What is it? Healthy vs Diabetes
A
- Chronic Condition that affects the way your body metabolizes glucose resulting in elevated glucose levels in the blood
- Healthy: Glucose is absorbed from the intestinal track and enters blood stream. Must be combined with insulin- a hormone secreted from the pancreas to enter target tissues
- Diabetes: Body does not produce enough insulin or the insulin it produces is no longer effective
- Hence, insulin failure and insulin resistance
11
Q
Adulthood: Type 2 Diabetes
How do you get diabetes?
A
- Lifestyle: Obesity, diet, sedentary lifestyles (Physically active less than 3x per week, 45 years or older
- Genetics: Family members with diabetes
12
Q
Adulthood: Type 2 Diabetes
What is Pre-diabetes?
A
- Blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not in the threshold for diabetes
- Body, due to constant lvels of high glucose foods, signal pancreas to continually produce insulin
- Cells become desensitized forcing the pancreas to produce more and more insulin in order to clear glucose
- Result= higher levels of glucose in blood
13
Q
Adulthood: Type 2 Diabetes
How to test if you have Diabetes?
A
Glucose Lab Test: measures the levels of glucose in the blood
- expressed as milligrams per deciliter
- Post-absorptive blood glucose (Less than 125 mg/dL)
- Fasting Blood glucose (Normal: Less than 140 mg/dL/ Pre-diabetes: 140-199 mg/dL/ Diabetes: 200mg/dL and above)
- 2-Hr oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-
- Hemoglobin A1C- glycosylated hemoglobin that reflects blood glucose levels for the past
14
Q
Adulthood-Type 2 Diabetes
How to prevent it?
A
- Achieve a healthy weight: maintain a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9
- Routine annual health visits
- Healthy diet
- Plan for well balanced meals that follow the dietary guidelines. Select foods that are high in soluble and insoluble fiber and complex carbohydrates - Exercise daily for at least 30 minutes
- Improves glucose clearance and enhances insulin sensitivity
15
Q
Saturated Fats and Cardiovascular Disease
A
- Saturated: Non essential. Sources include the fat portion of meats, diary products, palm oils, vegetables shortening etc. Made up of a series of single bonded hydrocarbons. Adverse health effects.
*Evidence is not conclusive - Too much low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and saturated fatty acids begin to line the arteries leading to atherosclerosis
- Risk Factors: Poor diet, high body weight, genetic predisposition
- Laboratory values: cholesterol
- Measures the different forms of cholesterol in the blood in milligrams per deciliter
- Total Cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL
*HDL Cholesterol: 60 mg/dL and above
*LDL: Less than 100 mg/dL
Aberrant levels are indicative of cardiovascular disorders - Treatment: Healthy lifestyle changes
*Normalize body weight - Healthy diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol (Adhere to the dietary guidelines)
*Exercise for at least 30min a day
