Advanced Revision Flashcards
Flagellum Definition
6 marks
Microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells + microorganisms for movement.
- In Latin ‘Flagellum’ means whip, just like the whipping motion flagella (plural) often use for locomotion.
Specialised flagella
4 marks
Are used in some organisms as sensory organelles that can detect changes in temp + pH.
Flagella are filamentous protein structures found in
3 marks
Archaea, eukaryotes + Bacteria (most commonly).
Typical Flagella Use
6 marks
- To propel a cell through liquid - e.g bacteria + sperm
- To increase reproduction rates (in some eukaryotic cells )
Unique Flagella Uses
4 marks
Recent studies show flagellum may also be used as a secretory organelle, but this discovery needs more time to be fully understood.
The Movement of Eukaryotic Flagella
2 marks
Depends on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy.
The Movement of Prokaryotic Flagella
3 marks
Gets its energy from the proton-motive force/ion gradient, across the cell membrane.
Active transport requires
1 mark
An input of energy to occur.
Concentration gradient is a
3 marks
A region of space over which the concentration of a substance changes.
Active Transport vs Facilitated Diffusion;
Differences
(7 marks)
Active transport works against the concentration gradient, moving substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. Facilitated diffusion often goes down the concentration gradient but can move freely in + out of the Cell
The types of proteins that they use are different.
ATP is the primary…?
2 marks
Energy carrier in living things.
Regeneration of ATP is important because
5 marks
Cells tend to use up (hydrolyze) ATP molecules very quickly + rely on replacement ATP being constantly produced
Active transport vs Facilitated Diffusion;
Similarities
(2 marks)
Both use proteins to assist in transport.
The Process of Active Transport is ‘Active’ because
3 marks
It requires the use of energy (usually in the form of ATP) - It is the opposite of passive transport.
ATP Hydrolysis Reaction
9 marks
ATP + H20 ⇋ ADP + Pi (small i) + energy
Pi (small i) stands for
7 marks
An inorganic phosphate group;
(PO^3-) - small 3- on top, small 4 on bottom
4
ATP Structure
5 marks
At the center of the molecule lies a five-carbon sugar, ribose, which is attached to the nitrogenous base adenine + to the chain of three phosphates.
What are the 3 phosphate groups on the Structure of an ATP; in order of closest to furthest from the ribose sugar, labeled?
(3 marks)
Alpha, Beta, + Gamma.
Carrier Proteins - Motive Force
9 marks
The movement of the ion/molecule is passive, but proton motive force for the carrier protein is provided by said proton or pH gradient and/or electrical gradient - set up by the proton pumps
What is ATP made unstable by?
4 marks
3 adjacent negative charges in its phosphate tail, which are repellent of each other.
Proton Motive Force
9 marks
When electron carriers embedded in the cell membrane react to a Chemical/molecule - energising the membrane. This energy can be stored in the ATP for later or put to work (like the energy obtained in Prokaryotic Flagellum)
What are the bonds between the phosphate groups, in the structure of an ATP, called?
(3 marks)
High-energy Phosphoanhydride bonds.
ATP vs ADP;
Rechargeable Battery Analogy
(7 marks)
ATP - charged battery, has energy that can be used to power cellular reactions.
Once the energy has been used up;
- Uncharged battery (ADP) must be recharged before it can again be used as a power source.
The ATP Regeneration Reaction
9 marks
Energy + ADP + Pi (small i) ⇋ ATP + H20
