Aetiology of Cancer and Neoplasms I

Question 1

What is one defining feature of Cancer?

Answer 1

Rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond usual boundaries

Question 2

What is the spreading of Cancer reffered to as?

Answer 2

Metastasis

Question 3

What are Malignant Neoplasms?

Answer 3

Carcinoma in Situ and cancer

Question 4

What is the difference with a Benign Tumour in terms of spreading?

Answer 4

Dont metastasize, remain encapsulated by connective tissue fibrous sheath

Question 5

What are the 5 main groups of Cancer?

Answer 5

Carcinoma - skin
Lymphoma - Lymph
Leukaemia - blood
Sarcomas- connective tissue
CNS tumours - brain and spinal cord

Question 6

How do Benign tumours appear microscopically?

Answer 6

Innocent, tumour staying localised and remains encapsulated

Question 7

What are Malignant tumours?

Answer 7

Referred to as cancer, can invade and destroy structures, migrate to sites as they metastasize

Question 8

What type of Benign tumour would Glands have suffix of?

Answer 8

Adenoma

Question 9

What type of Benign tumour would Surfaces have suffix of?

Answer 9

Papilloma

Question 10

What type of Benign tumour would Mucous surfaces have suffix of?

Answer 10

Polyp

Question 11

What type of Benign tumour would Hollow masses have suffix of?

Answer 11

Cysadenoma

Question 12

Where are Sarcoma cells in malignant tumours derived from?

Answer 12

Mesenchyme

Question 13

Where are Carcinoma cells in malignant tumours derived from?

Answer 13

Epithelia

Question 14

What 2 Tumours are definitely malignant?

Answer 14

Melanoma and Lymphoma

Question 15

Why are Cancers bad for us?

Answer 15

Local tissue destruction
Obstruction/compression
Hormonal malregulation

Question 16

How are Cancers classified?

Answer 16

Based on grade - how close cells resemble tissue of origin

Stage - how far spread from nidus

Question 17

What is TNM in the common staging system?

Answer 17

Tumour size
Nodes involves
Metastasis

Question 18

Why is Staging import?

Answer 18

For treatment and to factor 5 year survival rate

Question 19

What test is used to Specify Tumours?

Answer 19

PAP test

Question 20

What is a Neoplasm?

Answer 20

A mass formed by autonomous proliferation of cells or new growth

Question 21

What does Abnormal proliferation of cells result in?

Answer 21

Neoplasm or tumour

Question 22

Are neoplasms malignant?

Answer 22

Not all e.g uterine fibroids

Question 23

What is Cell division dependant on?

Answer 23

Signals and Sensors

Question 24

What happens of signals or sensors become damaged?

Answer 24

Cell division is unregulated can result in tumour

Question 25

What are the 3 Main types of Body cells during cell division?

Answer 25

Cells that never divide Cells that retain ability to divide but dont Cells that routinely divide and can alter rate of division

Question 26

How do Cells duplicate in a Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 26

Meiosis | Mitosis

Question 27

What are the 4 Phases of Cell cycle?

Answer 27

G1 S phase G2 M phase

Question 28

What happens in G1?

Answer 28

High rate metabolism, proteins synthesis, organelles duplicate and centriole replicates

Question 29

What happens in S phase?

Answer 29

DNA replicated, synthesis of new histones and assembly of new chromatin

Question 30

What happens in G2 phase?

Answer 30

Synthesis of enzymes and proteins, replicate of centrioles done, transport

Question 31

What happens in M phase?

Answer 31

Mitosis and splitting of genome

Question 32

What are 2 critical points for dividing cell

Answer 32

G1/S boundary - dna synthesis | G2/m boundary - mitosis

Question 33

What happens to cells that fail to undergo mitosis?

Answer 33

Apoptosis

Question 34

What are the important factors that regulate entry of cell in S phase?

Answer 34

Cdk 2,4,6

Question 35

What allows proper functioning of Cdk 2?

Answer 35

Cyclin E

Question 36

What allows proper functioning of Cdk4,6?

Answer 36

Cyclin D

Question 37

What do growth factors activate and produce?

Answer 37

Cyclin D

Question 38

What does Cyclin D activate?

Answer 38

Cdk4

Question 39

What does Cdk 4 do?

Answer 39

Phosphorylates pRband prevents inactivation of E25-1

Question 40

What does E2F-1 do?

Answer 40

Binds with enhancer sequences activating transcription for dna synthesis

Question 41

What happens to these regulations once the S phase begins?

Answer 41

pRB is dephosphorylated to prevent further rounds of DNA replication Cyclin D destroyed

Question 42

In the G2/M phase what protein kinase is present?

Answer 42

Cdk 1 With Cyclin B

Question 43

What does Cyclin B do?

Answer 43

Cell switch - modifies proteins Sets in motion a sequence of changes Activated only at G2/M boundary for mitosis

Question 44

Post mitosis what happens to inactive heterodimer?

Answer 44

Phosphorylated at threonine 14, tyrosine 15

Question 45

At the G2/M phase what removes phosphates?

Answer 45

Cdc25

Question 46

What is Wee1?

Answer 46

Phosphorylation to ensure complete inactivation adding 2 phosphates to Cdk1 and thrty14,15

Question 47

What does WEE1 prevent binding of?

Answer 47

ATP to Cdk1 - first step of phosphorylation of other proteins

Question 48

What transcription factor activates gene coding?

Answer 48

E2F-1

Question 49

In non-dividing cells why is E2F-1 inhibited?

Answer 49

Bound to protein pRb

Question 50

What are 3 signals that lead to arrest of cell growth?

Answer 50

Mitogen withdrawal, Loss of adhesion, Contact inhibition

Question 51

What 2 CKI's are inhibited to prevent DNA synthesis?

Answer 51

P16 ink4a P27kip1

Question 52

What is P53?

Answer 52

Tumour surpressor gene found on chr 17 involved with dna repair

Question 53

What does Increased conc of P53 activate?

Answer 53

DNA repair

Question 54

What inhibits G1 CDK's?

Answer 54

p21 cipi1 to prevent replication of defective DNA

Question 55

What is Apoptosis?

Answer 55

Programmed cell death

Question 56

What is Apoptosis characterised by?

Answer 56

Cell shrinkage, Cell contents in blebs, Chopping up DNA, Secretion of cytokines

Question 57

What is the Extrinsic pathway?

Answer 57

Instructed death - viral infection

Question 58

What is the Intrinsic pathway?

Answer 58

Default death - absence of growth factors

Question 59

What is stress activated apoptosis?

Answer 59

Direct activation of mitochondria and protein kinase P38

Question 60

What is Senescence?

Answer 60

Irreversible cell cycle arrest

Question 61

Whatr is replicative senscence?

Answer 61

Telomere dysfunction

Question 62

What is stress induced senscence?

Answer 62

DNA damage p16

Question 63

What is oncogene induced senescene?

Answer 63

Oncogene activation p53

Question 64

What is replication stress induced senescence?

Answer 64

Haemophiatic stem cells

Question 65

What is developmental senescence?

Answer 65

Embryogensis p21

Question 66

What is cell-cell fusion?

Answer 66

Placental syncitiotrophoblast

Question 67

What are telomeres?

Answer 67

Chr capping function, prevents ends of chr from seen as double stranded breaks

Question 68

What is telomere shortening?

Answer 68

DNA polymerase cant lengthen terminal section

Question 69

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 69

Own blood vessels for blood supply to cancer growth

Question 70

What growth factors switch angiogenic factors on?

Answer 70

VEGFR , bFGF

Question 71

What factors switch of anti-angiogenic factors?

Answer 71

Delta like ligand 4