Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the 4 ways Cells communicates?

Answer 1

Contact-dependent
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine

Question 2

What does the Endocrine system do?

Answer 2

Discrete glands and tissues (chemical messengers), that enter the bloodstream (dispersed through body) exert on specific Target cells with high affinity receptors

Question 3

What is the Main function of Endocrine Cells?

Answer 3

Secrete Hormones

Question 4

What are the Organs/Glands form together by endocrine cells?

Answer 4

Adrenal, Pituitary, Pineal

Question 5

What are the Specialised Organs formed from discreet clusters of Endocrine cells?

Answer 5

Ovary, Testis, Pancreas

Question 6

Where are Endocrine cells dispersed?

Answer 6

Diffuse in Enteroendocrine system in gut

Question 7

What is the Function of the Pituitary gland?

Answer 7

Secrete large number of hormones

Question 8

What are the Active Peripher endocrine cells in the Pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Adrenal, Thyroid, Testis, Ovary

Question 9

Describe what the Pituitary gland looks like?

Answer 9

Bean shaped under brain linked by pituitary stalk, devided anatomically anterior and posteriorly

Question 10

What are the 3 distinct components of epithelial tissue in the Anterior Pituitary?

Answer 10

Pars Distalis - major portion
Parts Tuberalis - layer of cell running up stalk
Pars Intermedia - narrow band bordering p lobe

Question 11

What are the 3 Cell types (staining pattern) of the Anterior Pituitary?

Answer 11

Acidophilis (acidic dyes)
Basophilis (basic dyes)
Chromophobes (no cytoplasmic staining)

Question 12

What are the 2 types of Acidophilis cells in the A. Pituitary?

Answer 12

Somatotrophs - growth Hormone

Lactotrophs - prolactin

Question 13

Describe Somatotroph cells?

Answer 13

Stimulates cell growth and replication , increasing rate of protein sysnthesis and growth hormone (acromegaly)

Question 14

Describe Lactotroph cells?

Answer 14

Stimulates mammary gland development - in pregnancy stimulates milk production and increases in size

Question 15

What are the 4 Types of Basophilis Cells?

Answer 15

Corticotrophs - ACTH
Gonadotrophs - FSH & LH
Thyrotrophs - (TSH)
Chromophores

Question 16

Describe the Corticotroph cells?

Answer 16

Release steroid hormones from adrenal cortex (cortisol)

Question 17

Describe Gonadotrophs cells?

Answer 17

Regulate activity of gonads (ovary & testis)
FSH - follicle development and secretion
LH - induces ovulation

Question 18

Describe Thyrotrophs cells?

Answer 18

Stimulate growth thyroid epithelial cells, release thyroid hormones

Question 19

Describe chromophores?

Answer 19

Fail to stain, too few granules, 5 types

Question 20

Describe the Posterior Pituitary?

Answer 20

Contains Neural lobe - continuation of hypothalamic region of brain with axons of hypothalamic neurons

Question 21

What are the 2 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary?

Answer 21

ADH - decrease h2o loss by kidneys

Oxytocin -Promotes contraction of smooth muscle, myoepithelial cells breast

Question 22

Where is the Pineal Gland?

Answer 22

Located under Brain , composed of lobules

Question 23

What are the 2 types of Cells in the Pineal gland?

Answer 23

Pinealocytes - neuron-like cells produce melatonin

Glial cells - bipolar cells runs between nests of pinealocytes

Question 24

What is Melatonin responsible for?

Answer 24

Secreted by pineal gland, responds to light and regulates body- declines with agin and trigger changes in system

Question 25

Describe the Thyroid gland?

Answer 25

Bilobed, Curves across anterior surface of trache, lobes connected by isthmus

Question 26

What are the 3 Thyroid hormones?

Answer 26

Thyroxine - T4 Triiodothyronine - T3 Calcitonin (calcium homeostatis)

Question 27

Describe Thryoid Cells?

Answer 27

Hollow spheres of cuboidal epithelial cells, lumen filled with colloid, surrounded by basement membrane enclose c cells

Question 28

What are the 2 Thyroid states?

Answer 28

Under active - increase colloid flat | Overactive - decrease colloid - tall cells

Question 29

Describe Parathyroid glands?

Answer 29

In posterior surface of thyroid, seperated by dense capsular fibres of thyroid, contains PTH hormone

Question 30

What are the 2 different Cell Populations in Parathyroid glands?

Answer 30

``` Chief cells (PTH) Oxyphils - rare ```

Question 31

Describe Pancrease?

Answer 31

Lies with abdominopelvic cavity, slender pale organ with nodular (lumpy) consistency

Question 32

What are the 2 types of Pancreas cells?

Answer 32

Exocrine - pancreatic acini in clusters | Endocrine - Islets of Langerhands, - small groups cells scattered

Question 33

Describe the Pancreatic Islets?

Answer 33

Extensive capillary netowrk - hormones ot blood

Question 34

What are the 4 cell types in Islet?

Answer 34

Alpha cells - glucagen ( increase BG, Glycogen breakdon) Beta cells - insulin ( low bg, increase glycogen synthesis) Delta cells - inhibiting peptide ( inhibits release of glucagon and insulin, slow food absorption) F cells - pancreatic polypeptide - inhibits gall bladder contractions

Question 35

What are the 2 distinct endocrine systems in the Adrenal Gland?

Answer 35

``` Adrenal cortex (outer) - secretes steroid hormones - cholesterol Adrenal Medulla (inner) - neuroendocrine component ```

Question 36

What are the 3 distinct zones of the Adrenal Cortex?

Answer 36

Outer - zona glomerulus - small (aldosterone) Middle - zona fasciculata - biggest yellow (cortisol) Inner - zona reticularis - brown (androgens)

Question 37

Describe Adrenal Medulla?

Answer 37

Derived from neural crest and part of neuroendocrine system, brown, large pale cells and fine granular, cells are polyhedral in shape surrounded by rich network capillaries

Question 38

Describe Hormonal Aging?

Answer 38

Cortisol increase with age | Sex hormones, melatonin and GH decline with age, HRT + youth and regeneration - price is cancer