African nationalism 1948-59 Flashcards
How did the suppression of communism act help the government deal with opposition to apartheid
Helped gov deal with opposition to Apartheid laws as it could be used to contain anyone gov deemed subversive
Authorities could ban organisations and individuals from contacting others for up to five yrs banning orders (house arrest)
How did the act define communism
Any scheme aimed at bringing about any political and social change within the union by promotion of disturbance and disorder
What was communism a euphenism for
Any form of unrest
What were two other forms of repression passed in this time
-1953 public safety act (allowed gov to call state if emergency for 12 months
-criminal law amendment act 1953 (anyone with a person found guilty of a crime would be assumed to be guilty as well
What was the ANC and why did it help them to have grassroots+ examples of ANC success
-protest group formed in 1912 concentrated on debate and argument It embraced all people
Grassroot support was helpful as gave power to ordinary people
1946 African miners striked= threatend SA core industry Smuts called army to break it up
bus boycotts =many black workers living in townships=expensive to travel
civil disobedience
What was the SAIC
Founded in 1919 to support promotion of rights of Indian people and oppose segregation
Passive resistance
Worked with ANC
What was the CPSA
multi-ethnic party with aim of organising African people into trade unions on the basis of class over race
Worked closley with the ANC
After SOA act dissolved itself and became a illegal organisation renaming itself the SACP
What was the CPSA policy
South Africa had to become a state where all races are treated equally before Communism could be successful there
What was the ANC youth league
Sought a broader organisation with mass support
Proposed direct action rather than protests and discussion
Emphasised community based culture of african people =mass support of community
Formed walter sisulu
Members
Nelson mandela
Oliver Tambo
Robert Sobuwe
What was the programme of action set out by youth anc in 1949
Absolute rejection of discrimination in SA
-pro africa policy (supporting african nationalism both within SA and in liberation campaigns against colonialism
-assertion of pride in being african in the face of white assertions of racism +african inferiority
-demand for mass+direct action in opposition of Apartheid
What was the purpose of the defiance campaign
wanted groups volunteers to break apartheid laws such as curfews +seg facilities=arrest=influenced by Gandhi non violence
Began in 1952 rally 1500
arrested willingly as hoped sheer numbers=overload courts=apartheid laws unenforceable
-nov minster of justice banned all public gatherings +sent armed reinforcements to stop meetings
-9 nov 1952-decided to go ahead with what was advertised as religious meeting=police arrived=opened fire
2 white people killed 7 African deaths and 18 wounded
-ANC called off campaign nationally
What was the result if the defiance campaign
8500 participants were arrested
Majority of 8 million african people were not involved
-gov passed a raft of measures to make civil disobedience a crime and campaign organisers including Mandela were arrested
Arguments for why defiance campaign was a success
Rattled gov
Brought attention to the cause
ANC membership rose from 4000 to 100,000 in 1952
What was the FSAW (federation of South African women)
Formed april 1954 by anti-apartheid activists like Helen Joseph and the president of the ANC womens league Ngoyi organised mass protest against women having to register for passes and always carry them
What was the Black sash movement
White protest group who supported the opposition of passes and worked to arrange bail for arrested protesting
women
Also provided lawyers who would represent them for a minimal fee
Built up trust among weary africans
just women members
