Negotation and compromise 89-91

Question 1

describe De Klerk’s new course and why he did this

Answer 1

continuation of Apartheid was hurting Afrikaner people=no longer rivals with English speakers relative wealth increased=threat economic weakness due to boycotts =knew they needed educated skilled African middle class=prosperity =views not shared by conservatives and poor Afrikaners
fear violence townships=white areas
New course=SA verge or in civil war, economic decline, NP losing support, support from US went end cold war,
statement that gov would work for equal rights for all groups in SA ended ban ANC PAC SACP and released political prisoners like Mandela

Question 2

the significance of the unbanning of political parties and release of Mandela

Answer 2

release of Mandela=released on 11 feb 1990 =sig due to his fame and symbolism as victim of oppression
unbanning of political parties=in feb 1990 announced ban on political parties and removal state emergency=death penalty and press censorship abolished.=surprise to many=others more critical as many state of emergency restrictions remained=measures intended to allow gov to talk to ANC and head towards change =little effect on violence

Question 3

describe the issues the ANC faced

Answer 3

dissent=many who stayed in SA disagreed with moderates of exiles
Winnie Mandela=militant activist =youth league Mandela United football club rep for brutal vigilante =trial and 6 yrs imprisonment kidnapping violence=weakened Mandela’s position
many grassroots members violence difficult to confront them=exile so long lacked internal organisation

Question 4

describe the significance of Joe Slovo

Answer 4

gov accepted him as part of negotiating team=had respect of militant members ANC =more influential than Mandela=in August 1990 supported ANC renunciation of violence=supported sunset clause=guaranteed current public servants their jobs and pensions=40% Afrikaners worked gov sig to gain support

Question 5

describe the impact of the unrest

Answer 5

both leaders knew violence could not continue
-over 350 black people alone killed trains 1990 and 1993 rival groups ambushing as they passed their territory
reasons for violence=given up education for movement unskilled to succsed future sa, suspicious de Klerk, Inkhata maintain status quo

White extremist reactions=opposed as people in rural areas and members public services security needed it=AWB=committed bombings and acts intimidation=prevent negotiations storm halls unifroms banners attracted insecure and poor=1991 hunger relief supported over 20,000 white people
violence made efforts more important=after boipatong massacre held 40 meetings between june sep 1992 and record undertanding made due to Bisho atrocitiy

Question 6

describe CODESA 1991

Answer 6

constitutional preconditions gave discussions an urgency which undoubtedly focused peoples attentions but raised question what happen if didnt reach time frame=any new gov must agree to exisiting tri-cameral parliament =lawful=process completed in 5yrs =one major issue was containing political wings
Dec 1991 CODESA=PREPAREED for new constitution=Inkhata and PAC conservatives did not attend

Question 7

describe the declaration of intent

Answer 7

most sig achievement CODESA=commited gov to creation of non racial gender inclusive multi party democracy=elections would be on basis universal adult suffrage and proportional rep used=gov had to obey constitution overseen by indy judicary
-De Klerk held ref 1992 to see if they supported reform process=69% agreed

Question 8

describe the dismantling of apartheid

Answer 8

many suprised by his speech=laid out formal commitment for constitutional change and peace progress=oct 1990 seperate amenities act =petty aparthied =repealed 1991=pop reg act and groups areas act facilitated by act parliament june 1991
klerk thought slowing down would led to mistrust=one negotiations started tried to spin them out to strengthen his position