Age Of Exploration

Question 1

Causes of the age of exploration?

Answer 1

Influences of the renaissance ▪️
Wealth and fame for explorers ▪️
Religion (if further spread more €$£)▪️
New trade routes ▪️
Marco Polo▪️

Question 2

What were the new ships made?

Answer 2

Caravel, nao, carrick

Question 3

Difference between Clinker ship and Caravel

Answer 3

Boards on a caravel were fitted edge to edge, rather than overlapping boards that were used on clinker ships

Caravels were also longer and carried more masts

Question 4

Parts of a caravel?

Answer 4

Lateen sail : used to sail against the wind, useful for exploring river mouths and bays

Castle: used to sight enemies and take up a defence

Rudder: Used to steer a boat

Square sail: used to sail faster with the wind

Bow sail

Question 5

Compass?

Answer 5

Told sailors what direction they were heading in, it could be unreliable tho due to the iron objects on other ships

Question 6

Sailors could work out the latitude of the ship - how many degrees north or south of the equator it was, how?

Answer 6

They used astrolabe, quadrants, and cross-staffs

Question 7

Longitude

Answer 7

East and west could not be worked out

Question 8

Maps?

Answer 8

Earliest maps called portolan charts, they gave the course and direction that sailors followed using the compass

Question 9

Why were maps developed?

Answer 9

To show true direction and correct area and shape of land masses

Question 10

Who were the conquistadors?

Answer 10

Spanish conquerors hoping to find gold in the newly discovered America and take over regions by destroying civilisations

Question 11

Log and line?

Answer 11

Measures speed

Question 12

Christopher Columbus?

Answer 12

Born in Genoa, Italy in 1451

He studied navigation

He believed he could reach the east by sailing west

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella decided to sponsor him

He was give three ships the Ninã (Caravel) , the Pinta (Caravel) and the Santa Maria (Nao)

He captained the Santa Maria on august 3 1492

He and his crew sighted land in 1453 and returned with many items such as pineapple, parrots and Taina people

Question 13

What was the treaty of tordesillas?

Answer 13

The treaty drew a line on the globe from the north to south- the line of tordesillas

Land discovered to the east of the line was Portuguese and to the west of the line was Spanish

Question 14

The decline of native people - Conquest

Answer 14

Hernando Cortéz was responsible for the defeat of the Aztec empire, in Mexico

He led 11 ships and 500 men to Mexico in 1519

Aztecs were very religious - their king Montezuma believed Cortéz was their God (Quetzalcoatl)

His army began to steal gold, the king was killed and the Spanish threw them out

1521, Cortéz returned with 100,000 men and destroyed the city, and conquered the aztecs

Tenochtitlan was rebuilt as Mexico City

Question 15

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 15

He was the conquerer of the Incas

He set sail for Peru with 180 men and 27 horses

Incas we’re more advanced than the aztecs and more peaceful

Pizarro captured and killed their emperor Atahualpa

The Inca capital cuzco was captured

Silver and gold were found in the Andes mountains

Incas died in their thousands mining them for the Spanish

Question 16

Impact on the new world?

Answer 16

Destroyed kingdoms of the new world

Gold and silver were sent to Europe

Opened up americas to other European countiees

Brutal treatment of native people

Brought European diseases to New World

New farming methods

New language and cultures

New religion

Question 17

Slave trade?

Answer 17

Slaves were brought over from Africa

Worked on cotton farms, sugar plantations, or domestic services

Portugal controlled the Atlantic slave trade

Estimated 12.5 million slaves were shipped to North and South America between the 16th and 19th century

Middle passage - where 1.8 million slaves died on the voyage to America, due to poor conditions

Question 18

Plantations?

Answer 18

West Indian plantations held more slaves on average, some people had 150 slaves

Low birth rates and high death rates among Caribbean slaves meant that there was a constant flow of slaves from Africa

Question 19

Spanish system?

Answer 19

Haciendas - great estate granted by a he king of Spain

Encomienda - a system that meant they were entitled to use free natives Indian labour in return for giving them protection and Christian education

This created a small rich class ruling over a poor majority

Question 20

Impact on Spain?

Answer 20

Spanish silver fleet/Treasure fleet sailed as a convoy for Spain

Spain became the richest country in Europe by the end of the 18th century

Spain controlled a huge new empire available for settlement, investment and exploitation

The flow of silver caused inflation, which spread to other European countries

Value of land increased by standard of living for other Spaniards got worse

Question 21

Impact on Portugal?

Answer 21

Many fine buildings were built

Much of the power and wealth was in the hands of the small ruling class

Thousands were attracted to emigrate to Brazil and continued to do so until a few decades ago