Age of the Crusades (All), c.1071-1149 Flashcards
A fleet belonging to which Muslim power was destroyed by a large Venetian fleet of 120 ships in May 1123?
Fatimids
A Venetian crusading fleet played a major role in the capture of which major Muslim port city in 1124?
Tyre
After the Field of Blood (1119) Baldwin II had to be regent of Antioch until which year?
1126
After which battle against Muslims in 1104 were the Normans too weak to stop the Byzantines regaining Cilicia?
Harran
After which battle in 1102 did Alexius I pay the ransom of the captured Franks?
Ramlah (2nd)
After whose death in 1128 were the Assassins/Nizari forced out of Damascus?
Tughtegin
At which battle at the end of the First Crusade on 12 August 1099 were the Fatimids defeated?
Ascalon
At which battle did Baldwin II defeat Aqsonqur in June 1125?
Azaz
At which battle did the Franks led by Pons of Tripoli and Baldwin II of Edessa defeat a Turkish invasion in 1115?
Tell Danith
At which battle did Toghtegin of Damascus and Mawdud of Mosul successful co-operate in 1113?
al-Sannabra
At which battle in 1100 was Bohemond of Antioch captured forcing Tancred to become regent?
Melitene
At which battle in 1108 were Tancred of Antioch and Baldwin II of Edessa on opposing sides?
Tell Bashir
At which battle in 1131 was Pons of Tripoli defeated by Fulk of Jerusalem?
Rugia
At which battle in August 1119 were Il-Ghazi’s forces defeated by Baldwin II and Pons?
Hab
At which battle in June 1119 were the forces of Roger of Antioch annihilated in by Il-Ghazi?
Field of Blood
At which battle in June 1125 did Baldwin II decisively defeat a much larger Muslim army?
Azaz
At which battle in May 1102 were Baldwin I’s forces limited forces defeated and reduced by the Fatimids?
Ramlah (2nd)
At which battle in Summer 1137 did Zengi defeat a force led by Fulk of Jerusalem attempting to aid the County of Tripoli?
Ba’rin
At which battle was Roger of Antioch successful against the Turkish leader Bursuq in 1115?
Tell Danith
At which battle were invading Fatimids defeated by Eustace Grenier, the Constable of Jerusalem, in 1123?
Yibneh
At which battle were the forces of Roger of Antioch annihilated in 1119?
Field of Blood
At which major battle in 1081 was Alexius I heavily defeated by the Normans?
Dyrrachium
Becoming a member of the Templars or Hospitallers was a means by which a knight could fight and enter a what?
Holy Order
Bernard of Valence provided military support to assist Tancred at which battle in 1104?
Harran
Conflict between Joscelin I of Edessa and which other Frankish ruler prevented an attack on Aleppo in 1126?
Bohemond II
Crusaders from where unsuccessfully sought to capture the Byzantine island of Corfu in the winter of 1122/23?
Venice
Custody of which imprtant Christian site in Jerusalem passed from Greek priests to Latins due to the First Crusade?
Holy Sepulchre
Emperor John II entered into prolonged conflict with which Italian city-state in 1122 further souring relations?
Venice
Failure to complete, or previous desertion from the first crusade led many Latins to participate in what?
Crusade of 1101
From where did Louis VII sail during the Second Crusade, abandoning his army?
Attalia
Future control over which city was disputed between Frankish rulers until Baldwin I forced a settlement in 1109?
Tripoli
How did Bernard refer to those given the ‘opportunity’ to go on the Second Crusade?
The ‘Lucky Generation’
How did the First Crusaders regard Alexius I’s failure to arrive at Antioch in 1098?
Betrayal
How long was Bernard of Clairvaux’s preaching tour for the Second Crusade?
Seven months
How many Christian pilgrims were massacred near the River Jordan at Easter 1119?
Three hundred
How many ships did the Venetians send to aid Outremer in 1122?
Seventy
In what year did Alexius I die and his son John II become Byzantine emperor?
1118
In what year did Baldwin II send an embassy to the Latin West seeking aid for a Crusade against Damascus?
1127
In what year did Genoa help to capture the port of Jebail?
1103
In what year did Il-Ghazi die?
1122
In what year did Raymond II establish the Knights Hospitaller in the County of Tripoli?
1142
In what year did the Franks, with Venetian assistance, capture the vital city of Tyre?
1124
In what year did Zengi become the de facto ruler of Aleppo?
1128
In what year did Zengi become the ruler of Mosul?
1127
In what year did Zengi besiege Damascus for a second time, again unsuccessfully?
1140
In what year did Zengi first besiege Damascus but was unsuccessful due to Unur’s actions?
1135
In what year was Bohemond’s attack from Europe upon Byzantium crushed?
1108
In what year was Boutoumites sent on a unsuccessful diplomatic mission to repair relations with Bohemond of Antioch?
1099
In what year was Pons taken prisoner by the ruler of Damascus and then executed?
1137
In what year was the Great Schism between Rome and Constantinople?
1054
In what year were the Templars founded?
1119
In which year did the massacre of pilgrims at Easter and the military defeat to Il-Ghazi prompt the Templar’s creation?
1119
Jerusalem, Nablus, Acre and (from 1124) Tyre were part of what in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
royal domain
On how many occasions between 1110 and 1137 did the kings of Jerusalem intervene to assist Antioch?
Fifteen
One hundred and twenty of what were sent by Venetians to aid Outremer in 1122?
ships
Possession of what led to friction with Byzantium that prevented an alliance between Christians?
Antioch
The collapse of what in Syria and Palestine made the First Crusade easier?
Seljuk Empire
The conflict between Tancred and which Frankish ruler was resolved through Bernard of Valance’s efforts?
Baldwin II of Edessa
The emir of which Muslim city was killed by the Assassins in 1106?
Apamea
The extermination of which force did much to limit crusading enthusiasm?
Crusade of 1101
The garrison of which Muslim town were crucified by Zengi in 1139 even though he had sworn an oath to spare them?
Baalbek
The long patriarchate of Bernard of Valence (1100-1135) aided stability in which otherwise unstable state?
Antioch
The memorial of which Muslim ruler of Damascus noted his alleged role as a defender of Islam?
Tughtegin
The Second Crusade abandoned the siege of which city when they learnt that Nureddin’s forces were only days away?
Damascus
The third battle at which place in 1105 was a major victory for Baldwin I?
Ramlah
What actions against Baltic pagans reduced German support for the Second Crusade?
The Wendish Crusade
What became more explicitly referenced in the inscriptions on Muslim leaders’ tombs after 1119?
Jihad
What did Alexius I cut off from those First crusade leaders who would not promise to return land?
Food supplies
What did all non-Franks have to pay in the crusader states?
Poll Tax
What did Bernard of Clairvaux write in 1129 in defence of the military orders?
In Praise of the New Chivalry
What did Caka build that threatened the Byzantine islands and Constantinople?
Naval fleet
What did John II have to conquer to open up a land route to Antioch?
Cilicia
What did Muslims not have to pay unlike the Franks?
Tithe
What did Muslims not see as an existential threat to their religion and culture between 1095 and 1099?
First Crusade
What did royal domain revenue, caravan tolls, dues from Bedouin shepherds and justice provide Kings of Jerusalem?
finance
What did Zengi portray the attack on Edessa to be part of to secure the support of Turcoman tribes?
Jihad
What did Zengi use to successfully undermine the walls of Edessa in December 1144?
sappers
What division in Islam remained just as fundamental in 1124 as it was in 1095?
Sunni-Shia split
What economic consideration was promised by Eugenius III for Second crusaders?
Protection of possessions
What event in 1096 demonstrates the religious piety of humbler people?
People’s Crusade
What forces of the Fatimids became less effective as the coast was taken?
Naval fleets
What function did the Hospitallers primarily provide to the Franks of Outremer until the 1130s?
Medical
What had Alexius I require the First crusaders to swear to him causing much resentment?
Oath
What had Louis VII planned before the fall of Edessa in 1144?
Pilgrimage to Jerusalem
What happened to the Byzantine coinage before 1092 that undermined economic confidence?
Debasement
What increased feudal obligation as a possible motivation for Second crusaders?
Participation of kings
What made knights want to be as heroic as their ancestors on the First Crusade?
social pressure
What major tax for kings of Jerusalem came from harbour dues at Acre?
the chaine
What meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder?
Sanctified violence
What motivating factor can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin on the First Crusade?
Economic greed
What Muslim military in 1119 victory created a response in the Latin West, prompting fresh crusading and the Templars?
Field of Blood
What name had been given to non-Muslims who had paid tax for living under Islamic rule before the crusades?
dhimmis
What name is given to the districts in towns that were under the control of Italian city-states?
quarters
What new coinage did Alexius I create in 1092 to restore economic confidence?
Hyperpyron
What percentage of compensation that would have been owed to a Frank was paid to non-Franks?
Fifty
What relic’s removal to travel with the king of Jerusalem unnerved the population of his kingdom?
True Cross
What religious order had predated the crusades but was refounded in 1113 and was increasingly military by 1130?
Hospitallers
What role was never really fulfilled by Franks due to the position of native peoples in the rural economy?
Peasants
What rural buildings were usually shared by the Franks and indigenous Christians?
Churches
What seems to have remained largely unaffected by wars between the Franks and the Muslims?
Trade
What stirred up anti-Semitism leading to pogroms in Germany in 1096 that were against papal intentions?
People’s Crusade
What tax of goods sold in the city of Jerusalem was very profitable to its kings?
the plateaticum
What term refers to the religious practices and faith of those who were not in traditional holy orders?
Lay piety
What term was used to refer to Greek Orthodox Christians loyal to Byzantium?
Melkites
What title was given to the heads of Muslim villages that ran their own communities?
ra’is
What treaty was signed in 1108 in which Bohemond I recognised Byzantine overlordship of Antioch?
Devol
What was a desire to travel to holy places, the most important of which was Jerusalem?
Pilgrimage
What was a later Latin insertion into the Nicene Creed (a statement of core Christian beliefs) which the Byzantines rejected?
Filoque Clause
What was a motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific First Crusade appeal to senior European nobles?
Feudal ties
What was a promise made to crusaders that previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part?
Remittance of sins
What was a relic that had become holy through proximity to a saint?
Brandea
What was a relic that was literally a part of a saint and was usually the focus of pilgrimage?
Bodily relic
What was an act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins, possibly including pilgrimage?
Penance
What was an attempt to limit Christians from killing certain Christian people?
Peace of God
What was an attempt to limit Christians killing each other at certain times?
Truce of God
What was an increasingly common law that meant eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with very little?
Primogeniture
What was belief that saints acted as intercessors to God and that they existed in a hierarchy?
Cult of saints
What was Bernard keen to suppress during his preaching of the Second Crusade?
Anti-Semitism
What was composed of the bishops and nobles of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Haute Cour
What was difficult for Muslims to wage against Franks between 1099 and 1124 due to a perceived lack of correct authority?
Jihad
What was Ebles of Roucy accused of repeatedly plundering which casts doubt on his piety?
The Church
What was established to deal with issues between Franks and non-Franks?
Cour de la Fonde
What was helpful to the morale of the First crusaders in the battle with Kerbogha at Antioch?
Holy Lance
What was Il-Ghazi allegedly fond of that may have made him a poor role model for Muslim unity?
Alcohol
What was investiture about the control over the appointment of?
bishops
What was motivating factor can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin on the First Crusade?
Economic greed
What was offered to crusaders by the papal bull for the Second Crusade?
Remittance of sins
What was paid by all non-Frankish people in Outremer?
Poll Tax
What was the branch if Islam that the Seljuk Turks had converted to?
Sunni
What was the branch of Islam that the Fatimids belonged to?
Isma’ili Shia
What was the civilized (Roman) world as perceived by the Byzantines? It was equated with Constantinople which they worked to protect at all costs.
Oukoumene
What was the clash between killing and sin that was solved by sanctified violence such as crusading or joining a military order?
Knightly dilemma
What was the collective name given to the five ancient seats of Christian power?
Pentarchy
What was the conflict that erupted between papacy and German emperor?
Investiture
What was the divison between Latin and Byzantine Christians that had occurred in 1054?
Great Schism
What was the name given to laymen who fought on the pope’s behalf?
Milites Christi
What was the name of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims who became experts in covert, asymmetric warfare?
Assassins
What was the name of the papal bull that launched the Second Crusade?
Quantum Praedecessores
What was the only city in Muslim territory near Aleppo that defied Zengi by the end of 1135?
Homs
What was the power that popes claimed as Peter’s spiritual successor?
Petrine Authority
What was the pre-1950s view that Franks and Muslims integrated and developed a shared culture?
Harmonious relationship
What was the punishment for males for sexual relationships with a woman of a different religion?
Castration
What was the sales tax that Alexius I exempted Venetian traders from in 1082?
Kommerkion
What were imposed upon the Byzantine-backed Greek Orthodox priests?
Latin bishops
What were many of the Italian city-states exempt from due to their role in capturing coastal cities?
Taxation
What were natural phenomena ascribed to God giving direct instructions to undertake the First crusade?
Signs and Wonders
What were of vital importance to the First crusaders at Jerusalem?
Siege Equipment
What were replaced with Latin ones resulting in enormous resentment by Greek Orthodox Christians?
Patriarchs
What were the ‘Italian quarters’ of the coastal cities they helped to capture exempt from?
Taxation
What were the Principality of Galilee, County of Jaffa and Lordships of Sidon and Montreal in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Great fiefs
what year was Boutimites sent to secure the remaining Byzantine holdings in Cilicia from Frankish attack?
1103
When did Alexius I pay off the Pechenegs with a large bribe?
1087
When did Alexius I’s Seljuk ally Sulayman die?
1086
When did cooperation between Aleppo and Damascus collapse upon the death of Unur?
August 1149
When did Gregory VII offer to help Byzantium in response to Manzikert?
March 1074
When did Henry IV resume appointing bishops to the anger of Gregory VII?
June 1075
When did Il-Ghazi die, leading to the succession of his nephew Balak?
1122
When did Il-Ghazi threaten Antioch again, causing Baldwin II to march north to his barons’ annoyance?
June 1120
When did John II succeed Alexius I as Byzantine emperor?
1118
When did Mawdud become Atabeg of Mosul after recapturing it from the rebellious Jawali?
1109
When did Nicaea fall into the hands of the Selkuk leader Sulayman?
1078
When did Nicaea surrender to the Byzantines?
June 1097
When did Nureddin and Unur assist Raymond II of Tripoli against his rival and cousin, Bertram?
September 1148
When did Nureddin succeed his father Zengi and begin to unite Muslims?
September 1146
When did the army of Il-Ghazi surround the army of Roger of Antioch?
28 June 1119
When did the help sent from the Venetians after the Field of Blood arrive?
May 1123
When did the Normans invade the Byzantine territory of Epirus?
1081
When did Zengi attack and seize the city of Edessa?
24 December 1144
When had the Pisans gained trade privileges with the Byzantines?
1111
When was Baldwin II forced to abandon his siege of Aleppo after Aqsonqur’s arrival?
January 1125
When was John II forced to sign a treaty with the Venetians restoring their trade privileges?
August 1126
When was Nizam al-Mulk, de facto ruler of the Seljuk Empire, murdered?
1092
When was Quantum Praedecessores issued launching the Second Crusade?
December 1145
When was the Battle of Manzikert?
August 1071
When was the college of cardinals that elected popes established?
1059
When was the council of Clermont that launched the First Crusade?
November 1095
When was the Hospitallers role in supporting sick pilgrims in Outremer first specifically recognised?
1113
When was the Turkish emir of Apamea killed by the Assassins?
1106
When was the Turkish emir of Homs murdered by the Assassins?
1103
When was there a massacre of pilgrims that in addition to Field of Blood led to the Templars’ creation?
Easter 1119
When was Zengi murdered in his sleep by his own servant as he pushed his army towards Damascus?
September 1146
When were the crusading forces of the Aquitanians and Bavarians destroyed by the Turks at Heraclea?
September 1101
When were the Muslims expelled from or killed in Jerusalem?
July 1099
Where did an alliance of Masud of Rum and the Danishmends defeat the French Second Crusaders in January 1148?
Mount Cadmus
Where did Bohemond go after his release from prison in 1104?
Western Europe
Where did Conrad III divide his Second Crusade forces after internal divisions?
Nicaea
Where did Gregory VII die in exile in May 1085?
Salerno
Where did Henry IV beg barefoot for forgiveness in the snow for three days in January 1077?
Canossa
Where did leaders of the kingdom of Jerusalem meet and agree to ask for European aid in 1120?
Nablus
Where did Nureddin and Unur’s armies confront and kill Raymond of Antioch in June 1149?
Inab
Where did secret negotiations result in the garrison’s surrender, increasing the First crusaders’ sense of betrayal?
Nicaea
Where did Sulayman come to Alexius I’s rescue with 7,000 men in 1083?
Larissa
Where did the battle of the Field of Blood take place?
Sarmuda
Where did the Byzantine and Turkish forces clash in 1071?
Manzikert
Where did the count of Edessa often live (far away from Edessa itself)?
Turbessel
Where did the crusaders and Franks meet to decide upon a target in June 1148?
Acre
Where did the First crusaders pull down the walls to force their leaders to push on?
Ma’arrat
Where did the Franks defeat a Muslim army in January 1126 but fail in their objective to capture Damascus?
Marj al-Saffar
Where did the Norwegian crusaders defeat Muslim opponents at Sintra, Lisbon and Alkasse in 1108?
Iberia
Where else did Eugenius III grant crusading privileges against Muslims?
Spain
