Ageing

Question 1

Processing speed

Answer 1

The speed at which someone is able to understand and react to information e.g. recognising patterns, decision making

Question 2

True or false, older adults tend to have slower processing speeds ?

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

What are the 3 types of attention?

Answer 3

• Selective Attention
• Divided Attention
• Substained Attention

Question 4

Selective attention

Answer 4

Focus on relevant information
Attend to relevant info, filter our irrelevant info

Question 5

Divided attention

Answer 5

Performing two or more tasks at one e.g. walking and talking

Question 6

Sustained attention

Answer 6

Maintain attention over time.
Other factors may play a part
Task difficulty and physical difficulty

Question 7

What test can be used to test selective attention?

Answer 7

Stroop test - reaction times when stimuli are congruent and incongruent

Question 8

What are the 3 types of memory ?

Answer 8

Episodic, working and semantic

Question 9

Episodic memory

Answer 9

Everyday events e.g. time and location.

Question 10

Working memory

Answer 10

Temporary store of information for decision-making e.g. reading a recipe

Question 11

What is a test for working memory ?

Answer 11

Digit span test

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

General knowledge of the world e.g. facts, ideas, concepts

Question 13

Auditory comprehension in ageing

Answer 13

A complex process
Various models to explain it
Happens rapidly

Question 14

Study which tested auditory comprehension in adults?

Answer 14

Meunier study-syntactically ambiguous sentences.

Question 15

What are the five stages of speech production?

Answer 15

Conceptual
Syntactic
Lexical
Phonological
Phonetic

Question 16

Conceptual speech production stage

Answer 16

Where speaker identifies the meanings they want to communiate

Question 17

Lexical speech production stage

Answer 17

Speaker searches for and selects words based on meaning

Question 18

Syntactic stage of speech production

Answer 18

Frame is chosen for sentence structure

Question 19

Phonological stage of speech production

Answer 19

Where abstract information is converted to speech sounds

Question 20

Phonetic stage of speech production

Answer 20

Instructions are prepared to be sent to the articulators

Question 21

Tip-of -the-tongue

Answer 21

We know what we want to say, but cannot produce it

Question 22

Transmission deficit hypothesis

Answer 22

Connections between the various levels within the psycholinguistic model can become weakened for various different reasons

Question 23

Language - reading

Answer 23

Does not decline with age
Slower due to visual difficulties

Question 24

Visiospatial function

Answer 24

How we relate visual information to the space around us e.g. movement, depth and distance

Question 25

Tests used for visiospatial function

Answer 25

Benton judgement of line orientation test Triangle-to-completion task

Question 26

What is an example of visiospatial decline due to age?

Answer 26

Navigation

Question 27

Executive function

Answer 27

Enables us to regulate, control and manage thoughts and actions e.g. planning and problem solving

Question 28

Which part of the brain is associated with executive function?

Answer 28

Frontal lobe

Question 29

Which tests can assess executive function?

Answer 29

Clock test Tower of London takes

Question 30

Ferguson et al (2021)

Answer 30

Suggests planning and inhibitory control declines across adulthood

Question 31

What sensory change occurs due to age ?

Answer 31

Presbyopia

Question 32

What is presbyopia

Answer 32

Difficulty reading small print

Question 33

Non-modifiable risks

Answer 33

Age, race, ethnicity, gender and genetics

Question 34

Modifiable risks

Answer 34

Diabetes, head injuries, lifestyle and education

Question 35

Non-pharmalogical lifestyle intervention

Answer 35

Physical activity, healthy diet (med rich) and cognitive training

Question 36

Physical activity can have a positive effect on what ?

Answer 36

Synaptic function

Question 37

What are the positive effects of physical activity on ageing?

Answer 37

Contribute to vascularisation and residence against oxidative stress, which has a positive effect on cognitive functions.

Question 38

Med rich diet

Answer 38

Olive oil and nuts