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Criminology Unit 4 > Agencies/methods of social control, > Flashcards

Agencies/methods of social control, Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the aims of the prison service?

A

Keep them sentenced to prison in custody
Lead law-abiding
Protect the public

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2
Q

How is the prison service funded?

A

Government funded with taxes being raised

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3
Q

What are the working practices of the prison service?

A

4 categories
Category A - high rick/maximum security
Category B - high risk to others
Category C - lower risk but not allowed in the public
Category D - very low risk and due for release soon

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4
Q

What are the aims of the probation service?

A

Works with 30,000 offenders a year and supports rehabilitation
Serves the offenders out of prison; unpaid work, complete education, regular meetings

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5
Q

How is the probation service funded?

A

Funded by the National Offender Management Service

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6
Q

What are the working practices of the probation service?

A

Communicate with victims
Pre sentence reports
Prepare the offender for when they are released

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7
Q

What are the aims of the Judiciary?

A

Make decisions in court
Sentence offenders
Give a summing up of evidence to the jury

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8
Q

How are the Judiciary funded?

A

SSRB
Independent from the government

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9
Q

What are the working practices of the Judiciary

A

Take 2 oaths/affirmations
Be independent
Sum up to the jury

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10
Q

What are the aims of the CPS?

A

Prosecute offenders

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11
Q

How is the CPS funded?

A

Government funded

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12
Q

What are the working practices of the CPS?

A

Complete the evidential stage and public interest stage
If both are successful then the prosecution takes place

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13
Q

What are the aims of the police?

A

Reduce crime
Maintain law
Protect public
Detect crimes

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14
Q

How is the police funded?

A

Government grants
Council tax

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15
Q

What are the working practices of the police?

A

Arrest
Detain
Search

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16
Q

What are the aims of charities (Prison reform trust)?

A

Reduce unnecessary imprisonment
Improve prison conditions

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17
Q

How are charities funded (Prison reform trust)?

A

Volunteers and donations

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18
Q

What are the working practices of charities (Prison reform trust)?

A

Research
Provide advice
Campaign

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19
Q

What are the aims of pressure groups (Howard League)?

A

Less crime, safer communities
Fewer people in prison conditions

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20
Q

How are pressure groups funded (Howard league)?

A

Membership subscriptions and donations

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21
Q

What are the working practices of pressure groups (Howard league)?

A

Campaigns
Works with parliament, media and agencies to attain aims

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22
Q

What are the strengths of the police?

A

Coercion
Fear of punishment
Deterrence

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23
Q

What are the weaknesses of the police?

A

Internal social control not changes
Funding shortage
Staff shortages

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24
Q

What are the strengths of the CPS?

A

Prosecute offenders
Public protection
Deterrence
Fear of punishment

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25
What are the weaknesses of the CPS?
Tests to prosecute can be hard to follow Funding shortage
26
What are the strengths of the Judiciary?
Retribution Fear of punishment Public protection
27
What are the weaknesses of the Judiciary?
Appeals Ineffective at achieving social control Can be seen as out of touch with society
28
What are the strengths of prisons?
Retribution Fear of punishment Deterrence Rehabilitation
29
What are the weaknesses of prisons?
Overcrowding Reoffending rates are high Rioting
30
What are the strengths of the Probation service?
Public protection Rehabilitation Reparation
31
What are the weaknesses of the Probation service?
Hard to maintain and control offenders Difficult to change someone's internalisation
32
What are the strengths of charities?
Rehabilitation Help others in need
33
What are the weaknesses of charities?
Funding shortages Hard to get recognition
34
What are the strengths of pressure groups?
Reduce criminalisation Protect public
35
What are the weaknesses of pressure groups?
Funding shortages
36
What is CPTED?
Crime prevention through environmental design. Focuses on tactical design and effective use of built environment, which reduces crime and fear of crime
37
What is the aim of CPTED?
Reduce/remove the opportunity for crime to occur in an environment. It is a preventative, proactive model.
38
How does CPTED work?
In conjunction with other social, environmental and community based-strategies
39
What are the 5 main principals of CPTED?
Physical security, Surveillance, Movement control, Management and maintenance, Defensible space
40
What is physical security?
The measures which are used on individual dwellings to ensure that they they withstand attack
41
What is surveillance?
Design ensuring that residents are able to observe the areas surrounding their home
42
What is movement control?
The restriction of access and through movement. High levels of through movement allow offenders to access and leave an area
43
What is management and maintenance?
The process are in place to ensure that a development is free from signs of disorder. This signals that the area is cared for
44
What is defensible space?
Ownership of space in a neighbourhood should be clearly defined. For example: Public = pavement Semi public = front garden Semi private = rear garden Private = inside the home
45
What are the 3 ways in which CPTED can be managed?
Natural, Organised, Mechanical
46
How does natural reduce crime?
Basic security, behavioural provisions. Such as borders and windows
47
How does organisation reduce crime?
Formal, human security. Such as the police and patrols
48
How does mechanical reduce crime?
Incorporation of security hardware. Such as CCTV, locks and lighting
49
How is a panopticon prison designed?
Watchtower in the middle of a circular design, prison guard in the tower, prisoners around the outside
50
How is a supermax prison designed?
Maximum security, separate units, minimal movement, rural areas
51
What is a similarity between panopticon and super max prisons?
Increased numbers of guards maintaining behaviour
52
What is a difference between panopticon and super max prisons?
Panopticon prisoners are all around Super max prisoners are isolated
53
How do panopticon prisons help to create social control?
Prison guards in the watch tower so prisoners maintain good behaviour
54
How do super max prisons help to create social control?
Increased security of worse type of criminals Minimal movement - 23 hours a day in their cell
55
What are the limitations of achieving social control in panopticon prisons?
Watchtower always needs someone there
56
What are the limitations of achieving social control in super max prisons?
23 hours a day in their cell
57
What are gated lanes?
Alleyways that have had a gate put in them to prevent crime and deviant acts from happening
58
What are the advantages of gated lanes?
Attempts to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour Makes communities a safe place to live in Prevents drug addicts from loitering Not getting rubbish dumped in lanes
59
What are the disadvantages of gated lanes?
Restricts access to the rear of properties Costs approximately £4,000 Dog fouling, drug paraphernalia and fly tipping
60
What are the strengths of CPTED?
Reduction in crime due to visibility Lack of hiding places Sense of ownership
61
What are the weaknesses of CPTED?
Not all crimes are committed in hidden places Visibility doesn't put people off For example, domestic violence
62
What are the strengths of prison design?
Fear of punishment Retribution Most likely to behave when visible
63
What are the weaknesses of prison design?
Expensive Social controls inmates inside but not when released Cant watch people 24/7 when outside the prison
64
What are ASBOs?
Anti-Social Behaviour Orders Stops anyone aged 10 or over from harassing, causing alarm or distress to other people
65
What does behaving antisocially include?
Drunken or threatening behaviour Vandalism and graffiti Playing loud music at night
66
What does getting an ASBO restrict people to do?
Going to particular places Spending time with people who are known as trouble makers Drinking in the street
67
How long will an ASBO last for?
At least 2 years. It can be reviewed if behaviour improves
68
What happens when an ASBO is not obeyed?
A criminal offence, which can be taken to court. The sentence that is given will be dependent of your age and the circumstance
69
What are CBOs?
Criminal Behaviour Orders. Used for antisocial offenders who have committed behaviour that has caused harassment, alarm and distress
70
How long can you be sentenced for if you breach a CBO?
Up to 5 years in prison
71
What are the benefits of ASBOs/CBOs?
Helps find and solve the problem Helps to understand behaviour in youths
72
What are the limitations of ASBOs/CBOs?
Expensive Breached a lot
73
What are the 4 stages of an ASBO?
Stage 1 - letter is sent home Stage 2 - another letter is hand delivered Stage 3 - meeting with the offender Stage 4 - ASBO is imposed
74
How is token economy designed?
Increase good behaviour Decrease bad behaviour
75
What are the advantages of token economy?
Behaviour awarded immediately Simple to understand Avoids labelling Used to shape behaviour
76
What are the disadvantages of token economy?
Management and training of staff Not empowering for the individual Deals with symptoms not the cause Seen as dehumanising
77
Why is token economy considered unethical?
Makes the inmates think that its like that when they are released
78
What are the desires results when using token economy?
Rewarded for good behaviour - hopes to be reformed when released back into society
79
What was criminal punishment like before the 18th century?
Public execution and corporal punishment
80
What is meant by discipline?
The body's operation can be controlled. Works by coercing and arranging the individuals movements and experience of space and time
81
How is discipline monitored?
Hierarchal observation, normalising judgement, examination
82
How does discipline allow new norms to develop for offenders?
Processes and human sciences
83
How is discipline enforced by panopticon prisons?
Deprive the individual of their freedom and reform them
84
What is rule making?
Process of setting out expected behaviour in an institution
85
What are staged/phased procedures?
The idea of building upon disciplinary action and following procedures to discipline someone in an institution
86
What are the strengths of disciplinary procedures?
Removing freedom and outside controls means behaviour can be controlled easier Rules allow people to make rational choices Stage procedures mean an appropriate sanction can be chosen for the behaviour
87
What are the weaknesses of disciplinary procedures?
Rules can be ignored Staged procedures mean people can get away with more Rules aren't sanctioned consistently - for example, teachers don't follow the same sanction policy

Criminology Unit 4 (3 decks)

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