aggression

Question 1

the limbic system - neural mechanisms

Answer 1

papes/maclean;
limbic sys = hypothalamus, amygdala, parts of hippocampus
reactivtiy of amygdala is import predictor of aggr
gospic et al; study where ppts subjected to mild provocation
on fmri amygdala showed heightened and fast resp when acted aggr
when taken benzodiazepine b4 provocation number of rejections halved and reduced activity of amygdala

Question 2

orbitofrontal cortex and serotonin; nerual mechanisms

Answer 2

serotonin has inhibitory eff in brain and slows down neuronal activity
norm lev of serotonin in ofc assoc w reduced firing of neurons
reduced serotonin disrupts mechanism wh reduces self control and incr impulsive beh
virkunnen et al; compared lev serot breakdown in cerebrospinal fluid of violent impulsive and violent non impulsive offenders
lev signif lower in impulsive offend

Question 3

testosterone - hormal mechanisms

Answer 3

responsible 4 developm of masc feat
men +re aggr than women and beco +re aggr dur developm as testo highest
testos has role in regulating social beh via influe of areas of brain implicat in aggr
giammanco et al; castration stud - removing testes of male species decr aggr
injecting w testos restores aggr
dolan et al; fou +ve correl b/w testos lev/aggr beh in 60 offend sample in uk max security hosp w men who had persoanlity disorder/history of impulsive viol

Question 4

progesterone - hormonal mechanisms

Answer 4

lowest during/just after menst
ziomkiewicz et al; fou -ve correl b/w progest/self rep aggr
tf sugg low lev progest incr aggr in wom

Question 5

ao3 - other br struct; neural mechanisms

Answer 5

limit
non limbic struct also involv in aggr
limbic struct funct tg w ofc wh x part limbic sys
ofc invloved impulse regulation/inhibition of aggr beh
coccaro et el; ofc act reduced in psychiatric disord feat aggr
reduced act disrupts ofcs impulse control funct wh causes aggr
tf shows that neural regulation of aggr +re complex than theories focusing on amygdala sugg

Question 6

ao3 - drugs and serotonin; neural mechanisms

Answer 6

strength
drugs that incr serot also reduce lev aggr beh
berman et al; gave ppts either placebo/paroxetine
ppts then played lab absed game involv giving/recieving shocks in resp to provocation
parox grp consist gave fewer/less intense shocks
tf study is causal link b/w serotonin funct/aggr

Question 7

ao3 - animal research; hormonal mechanisms

Answer 7

strength
supp fr research w animals
giammanco et al; review of study confirms role of testos
male rhesus macaque monkeys theres incr both testos lev/aggr beh in mating season
in rats, castrat of males reduces testos/mouse killing beh
injecting fem rats w testos incr mouse killing
tf findings show role testos in range anim species

Question 8

ao3 - dual hormone hypothesis; hormonal mechanisms

Answer 8

limit
carre/menta; claimed high lev testos lead 2 aggr beh b only when lev cortisol low
wh cortisol high testos influe on aggr blocked
tf combo of testos/cortisol may be bett predictor of aggr than either hormone alone

Question 9

twin studies - genetic factors

Answer 9

sev twin stud sugg genetic fact accounts for 50% of variance in aggr beh
coccaro et al studied MZ/DZ male twins
expect to find greater simi b/w MZ t than DZ t bc share 100% genes
res fou concordance rates of 50% 4 MZ t and 19% for DZ t
verbal agr was 28% MZ and 7% dz

Question 10

adoption studies - genetic factors

Answer 10

simi in aggr beh b/w adopt child and biolog par sugg genetic influe operating
simi in aggr b/w adopt child and adopt par sugg environm influe
rhee/waldman; meta analysis of adopt stud of direct aggr/anti soc beh
fou genetic influe accounted for 41% variance in aggr

Question 11

the MAOA gene - genetic factors

Answer 11

maoa reg serotonin
comes in diff variants
maoa-L res low act of maoa-A enzy
mao-L linked 2 high lev aggr beh
rod lea/chambers; show maoa-L vari possess by 56% new zealan maori men compa 34% caucasians
maori men historical warriors (warrior gene)
brunner et al stud 28 dutch family men w cr of rape, assault and all have low lev maoa-A enzy and have MAOA-L variant

Question 12

gene environement interactions - genetic factors

Answer 12

maoa-L gene only relat to aggr wh combo w early traumatic life events
ex. frazetto et al; fou assoc b/w higher lev antisoc aggr/maoa-L in adult males b only in those who experi signif trauma dur 1st 15 yrs life
even if no trauma b have gene men x have high lev aggr
strong evid of G-E interaction

Question 13

ao3 - isolating genetic factors; genetic factors

Answer 13

limit
diffic separat genetic/environmental factors
ie.indiv may possess gene assoc w aggr b beh only express if environm condit favourable
mcdermott et al; show ppts w maoa-L beh aggrin lab based money alloc game b only when provoked otherwise x +re/less aggr

Question 14

ao3 - multiple genetic influe; genetic factors

Answer 14

limit
size of genetic eff stats signif b also small
probably oth genes involv
stuart et al fou intimate partner violence in men assoc w maoa-L and serotonin transporter gene combo of gene closely linked w IPV
vassos et al; in meta analysis fou no evid of assoc b/w single gene/aggr
explain 100s/1000s genes interact complex ways 2 determine aggr beh

Question 15

ao3 - measuring aggr - genetic factors

Answer 15

limit
meth differ b/w stud inclu self rep,par/teach rep, direct obvs
rhee/waldmin; meta analysis 51 twin stud/adopt stud fou genetic influe greater in self rep studies
if vary b/w meth beco it diffic 2 draw valid conc about genetic factor role

Question 16

ao3 - res supp for role of MAOA gene; genetic factors

Answer 16

strength
mertins et al; stud ppts w maoa low/high vari in money distrib game
ppts make decis whether contrib money 4 good of grp or x
fou male w high act maoa vari +re co op/ made fewer aggr movem than maoa-L ppts

Question 17

adaptive functions of aggr - ethological explanation

Answer 17

aggr beneficial 2 surviv bc defeated anim rarely killed b forced 2 establish territ elsewhere
species spread out over wider area/have to discover reso in diff place wh reduc competit/starvation
male chimpanzees use aggr to climb up social hierachy

Question 18

ritualistic aggr - ethological explanation

Answer 18

lorenz; obvs fighting b/w monkeys of same species produces little phys damage
most aggr encounters consist of prolonged period of ritualistic signalling
intra species aggr confront end w ritual appeasement signalling
indicates acceptance of defeat/inhibits furth aggr beh in victor
prev damage to loser

Question 19

innate releaseing mechanisms and FAP

Answer 19

IRM inbuilt physiological proc/struct
environmental stim trigg IRM wh ‘releases’ specif seq beh
beh seq called FAP accord to Lea there 6 main ft
stereotyped - unchanged seq beh
unaffected by learning - same for every speci regardless of experi
universal - same beh fou every speci
ballistic - once beh trigg follows inevitable course
single purpose - beh occurs only specific situs
resp to an identifiable specific sign stimulus

Question 20

timbergens research - ethological expla

Answer 20

proc; male sticklebacks highly territor dur spring mating seas wh develop red spot underbelly
if anoth male enters territ seq highly stereotyped aggr beh initiat
sign stim is red spot
T present stickleback w wooden models w diff shapes
findings - regardless of shape if theres red spot male stickleback displays aggr beh b x red spot then x aggr
fou aggr FAP were unchanged fr 1 encounter 2 another
once triggered always ran its course

Question 21

ao3 - eval extra; ethological expla

Answer 21

strength
ethologists arg aggr is innate instinct
import implic is that humans will inevitably be aggr and fight each other eg in wars, Lorenz arg that this inevitablitiy is demostrated by FAPs
how oth appr sugg aggr x inevitable bc it is under rational control than instinctive
it is less innate and more affected by learning experi than ethologists accept

Question 22

ao3 - culture; etholog expla

Answer 22

limit
aggr beh differs fr 1 cult to anoth even w/n country
nisbett fou 1 ty homicide +re common amongst white men in southern US than northern US
difference caused by culture of honour that is more prevalent in southern US
kind of aggr beh fr learned social normal than instincts
tf cult can override innate predispositions wh diffic 4 theory to expla

Question 23

ao3 - ritualistic aggr; etholog expla

Answer 23

limit
goodwall obs 4 yr war w male chimps that killed all memb of anoth grp systematically even if shown appeasement sign
sign x inhibit aggr beh of attack
tf challenges etholog view about same species x killing each oth

Question 24

ao3 - FAPs x fixed; etholog expla

Answer 24

limit
lorenz og FAP outdated
hunt fou FAP influe by environmental factors/learned experi
ex duration FAP varies/beh fr 1 encounter 2 anoth
ethologists now pref term ‘modal beh patterns’
tf patterns aggr beh +re flexible than lorenz thought

Question 25

evolutionary explanation of sexual jealousy - evolutionary expla

Answer 25

jealousy occurs bc men never sure if child is theres cuckoldry - investing in offspring x share males genes is waste of his resources and contrib 2 surviv of rivals genes w less resou 4 own offs avoid cuckoldry = +re reproductive success psychological mechanisms evolve ie. sexual jealousy often these drives r aggr strateg wh men employ to retain partn

Question 26

mate retention strag - evolut expla

Answer 26

william/daly; sev mate retent strag wh inv aggr/phys vio 1 direct guarding - inv male vigilance ov part beh 2 -ve inducement - ie using threats of conseq 4 infed

Question 27

physical vio against part - evolut expla

Answer 27

wilson et al; ask wom 2 rep mate ret strateg in part meas on extent to wh they agreed w statement ex know where u r wom who agreed 2x likel 2 exp phys viol of these wom 73% req med attent and 53% feared 4 life supp view mate retent strateg linked phys viol

Question 28

evolutionary expla of bullying - evolut expla

Answer 28

evolut ancest may used bullyi 2 incr surv male bully, volk et al, arg bully charac attractive 2 wom ie dominance bully wards off pot rivals so beh nat select bc these men wou have greater reproductive success bully benef health bc oth avoid contact w th so x face aggr/less stress fem bully - takes place wn relation/meth 2 control part use bully 2 secure part fidelity wh means cont prov resou 4 fut offs, beh nat select

Question 29

ao3 - gend differ, evolut expla

Answer 29

strength theory expla y men/wom differ in uses of aggr ex campbell arg that x adaptive for wom to be phys aggr bc beh risks own surv/offsps verb aggr +re adapt to retain part so expl y fem display +re verb than phys aggr tf arg prov supp for evolut appr

Question 30

ao3 - cultural differ, evolut expla

Answer 30

limit some cult aggr appears 2 be non exist ex. !kung san peop seen 'harmless peop' fou -ve attit 2 aggr wh discourag fr childh in bs/gs aggr peop status/reputat wn commun dimished cult/soc norms constrained aggr in soc tf since some cult x show aggr such beh x adapt

Question 31

a03 - real world applic , evolut expla

Answer 31

strength evolut expla can be used to reduce bullying ellis et al sugg strat based on view that bully adapt thru antibully interv they aim to incr costs of bully and rewards of prosocial beh ex giving bullies responsib in skls that prov alternativ source of status tf bully as adapt beh may lead 2 +re eff antibullying interv

Question 32

ao3 - deterministic , evolut expla

Answer 32

evolut arg is biologically deterministic, aggr bc of adaptat that incr surviv chances of ancest so aggr inevitable and x our fault how humanstic psych arg aggr subject to us exercising our free will, cog fact allow us to think about conseq of beh, ex cult diff tf aggr x inevitable

Question 33

the og hypoth - social psych expl FA hypoth

Answer 33

dollard et al states fustration always leads to aggr and aggr is always a res of fust experi fust when attempt to goal is block. due to ext fact this creates aggr drive wh leads to aggr beh/thoughts wh remove -ve emot known as catharsis, after this the aggr created by fust is reduc FA hyp notes aggr x always express directly against source of fust: 1 cause is abstract 2 cause is too powerful/risk punish 3 cause unavaialable at time res aggr deflected onto altern thats x abstract

Question 34

the weapon eff -social psych expl FA hyp

Answer 34

berkowitz; fust creates readiness 4 anger pres of aggr cues in environ make acting upon aggr more like cues r additonal element of FA hyp lab study; ppts give real electric shocks by confed wh creat anger/fust ppts later opport 2 give fake shocks 2 confed nu shocks greater when 2 guns on table compar 2 none weap eff supp berkowitz that aggr environ cues stim aggr

Question 35

res on FA - social psych expl FA hyp

Answer 35

geen; male uni stud complete jigsaw puzz lev fust manip 3 ways puzz impossib 2 solve, ppts ran out of time due 2 interfer confed, confed insulted ppts as failed puzz insulted ppts gave strong. shocks on avg then interfered th impossib all 3 gave more intense shocks than cg

Question 36

ao3 - research supp; social psych expl of aggr

Answer 36

strength marcus newhall et al; conduct meta analy 49 stud of displaced aggr investig situ wh aggr beh direct against 'human target' oth than caus fust fust ppts who were provoked b unable to retaliayte 2 source directly signif +re like 2 aggress agaisnt innocent party tf shows fust can lead aggr agianst weak/+re available target

Question 37

ao3 - role of catharsis; social psych expl FA hyp

Answer 37

limit res show aggr may x be carthartic bushman; fou ppts who vented anger by hitting punch bag beca +re aggr doing nothing +re eff at reducing aggr, 'bett peop feel aft vent = +re aggr they r ' tf shows centr assumpt of FA hyp may x be valid

Question 38

ao3 - FA link

Answer 38

limit link is complex, fust x always lead 2 aggr, aggr occurs w/o fust nothing automatic b/w the 2, some1 who feels fust may beh in range of diff ways than being aggr ex. helpless or determined some1 who is aggr may do 4 many reas tf sugg FA hyp is inadequate bc only expla aggr arising in some situ not all

Question 39

ao3 - counterpoint to FA link, social psych expl FA hyp

Question 40

direct and indirect learning - social psych expl SLT

Answer 40

bandura; aggr can learn. directly thru mechanisms operant condit involv +ve/-ve reinforcem/punish child aggr snatches toy off another child, learns aggr is rewarding direct reinforcem, +re like child will beh aggr b also realised that beh oft cx be expla by such direct forms of learning so arg indirect mechanisms accounts 4 SL of most aggr beh

Question 41

observational learning/vicarious reinforcement - social psych expl SLT

Answer 41

also learn conseq of beh if mod beh rewarded child learn aggr effect (vic reinfor) so child will imitate beh if mod aggr beh punish (vic punish) then less like 2 repeat

Question 42

cog condit 4 learning - social psych expl SLT

Answer 42

bandura indentif 4 cog condit 4 SLT attent retent reprod motivat

Question 43

self efficiacy - social psych expl SLT

Answer 43

extent wh we believe out actions will achieve desired goals childs confid in ability 2 be aggr grows as they learn aggr can bring rewards bc aggr work in past, will contin in fut

Question 44

banduras et als res - social psych expl SLT

Answer 44

proc; you child obs adult assualt Bobo doll, then play w unattract toys wh caus fust then taken 2 bobo doll + oth obs toys findings; many child imit aggr beh, bs imit phys attent +re than gs, thos obs non aggr mod were not aggr

Question 45

ao3 - research supp; social psych expl SLT

Answer 45

poulin/boivin; fou aggr bs aged 9-12 yrs form friendship w oth aggr bs, mutually reinforce each oth aggr beh (modelling) watch eahc oth use proactive aggr 2 get what want - reinfor expos freq 2 mod phys aggr/+ve conseq, gain approv fr gang social learn proc made imitat aggr beh by bs +re like, predicted SLT

Question 46

ao3 - counterpoint to research supp; social psych expl SLT

Answer 46

study x find simi 4 reactive aggr researchers fou bs less like to 2 influe each oths reactive aggr outbursts conseq react aggr x predictable SLT limit bc relatively weak expla of react aggr

Question 47

ao3 - real world applic; social psych expl SLT

Answer 47

strength SLT can reduce aggr child readily imitate mods when obs mod rewarded 4 any beh esp wh identify w th same learn proc can used 2 prod non aggr beh tf SLT offers practical steps to reduce develop aggr beh in child

Question 48

ao3 - biological influences; social psych expl SLT

Answer 48

limit underestim influe biological fact bandura arg aggr primarily learned/outcome of nurture although he accepted there is an urge to be aggr that is instinctive in nat b there r powerful genetic evolutionary neural and hormonal influe on aggr wh SLT x expl tf SLT incomplete expl aggr bc underplays role of bio factors

Question 49

crowd beh - social psych expl de individ

Answer 49

le bon; de indiv expl beh of indiv in crowds wh part of crowd we lose restraint/have freedom 2 beh how want lose sense indiv self ident/resp 4 beh disregard norms/laws, resp shared thru crowd so less guilty

Question 50

de indiv and aggr - social psych expl de individ

Answer 50

zimbardo; disting b/w indiv/de indiv beh indiv beh rational/normative b deindiv emot/impulsive deindivid we lose self awareness/stop monitor beh condit de indiv wh prom aggr = dark,drugs,alcohol,masks dixon/mahendran; anonymity shapes crowd beh less fear of retrib bc small/unidetifiable in faceless crowd bigg crowd = +re anony and prov fewer opport 4 oths 2 judge -ve

Question 51

reduced self awareness - social psych expl de individ

Answer 51

experi de indiv in faceless crowd creates great. like 4 aggr prentice-dunn et al; x due anony directly b conseq anonym 2 ty self awarness; 1 priv self awareness; how pay attent 2 own feelings beh, reduced wh part of crowd, focus outwardly 2 events around us and pay less attent 2 own beliefs 2 pub self awareness; ref how much we care oth peop think abo beh reduc in crowds, seen anony so beh less judged and x care how oths see us beco less accountable 4 own aggr actions

Question 52

res on de indiv - social psych expl de indiv

Answer 52

dodd; proc - asked 229 undergrad psych studs in 13 classes if cou do anyth Q, resp anony, 3 indep rater x hyp decid categories findings; 36% resp involv anti soc beh, 26% actual crim acts most comm 'rob bank', some murder rape and assassination only 9% pro soc beh stud demostr link b/w anony, aggr and de indiv

Question 53

ao3 - res supp; social psych expl de indiv

Answer 53

strength douglas/mcgarty; look. at aggr online beh in chatrooms fou strong correlat b/w anony/'flaming' most aggr messag sent fr those who hid real ident tf supp link b/w aggr beh/anony

Question 54

ao3 - counterpoint to res supp; social osych expl de indiv

Answer 54

limit de indiv x always lead 2 aggr gergen et al; devi in dark study, 8 strangers placed in dark room and told 2 do what want and will never see each oth again quickly stopp talking and started kissing/touching intimately 2nd study ppts told will see each oth and amou kissing/touching decr tf deindiv may x always lead 2 aggr

Question 55

ao3 - real world de indiv; social psych expl de indiv

Answer 55

strength expl beh of baiting crowds mann; investig instances suicidal jumpers identif 21 cases report us newspap of crowd gathering to bait jump tend occur in darkness, large crowds, jump distant fr crowds tf some validity to idea that large gr can beco aggr in a de indiv faceless crowd

Question 56

ao3 - role of norms;social psych expl de indiv

Answer 56

limit de indiv beh normative x anti normative speaes/lea; SIDE mod arg de indiv acc leads 2 beh that conforms 2 grp norms may be anti soc b cou be pro soc equally happens bc anony shift attent fr his/her priv indent 2 soc ident as grp memb tf sugg peop in de indiv state remain sensit to norms rath than ign th

Question 57

the importation mod - DE instit aggr in prisons

Answer 57

irwin/cressey; prisoners import subcult typical of criminality using viol 2 settle disputes in prisons reflect life b4 prison inmates import beh/charac wh influe use aggr 2 estab pow/stat/resou tf aggr product of indiv charac of inmates x pris environ

Question 58

prisoner charac linked 2 outcomes - DE instit aggr in pris

Answer 58

delisi et al; stud grp juvenile offend who had -ve backgr indiv import charac in2 pris, compar w cg -ve inmates +re like engage suicidal acts/sexual misconduct, phys aggr

Question 59

the deprivation mod - SE instit aggr in pris

Answer 59

clemmer; harsh pris condit inclu psycholog/phys fact wh r stressf 4 inmates who cope by resort 2 aggr/vio beh depriv material goods link 2 aggr bc incr competit b/w inmates prison regime is unpredictable/uses lock ups 2 cont beh wh caus fust so +re aggr

Question 60

prison lev fact linked 2 outcomes - SE instit aggr in pris

Answer 60

steiner; 512 US pris investig inmate on inmate viol +re comm in pris where high proport staff wom, overcrowded, +re inmates in protective custody these r pris lev fact bc indep of indiv charac of pris reliably predict aggr beh

Question 61

ao3 - res supp ; DE aggr prisons

Answer 61

strength camp/gaes; 561 male inmates w simi crim histories placed randomly half in low security/half high secuirty pris in california w/n 2 yrs x signif differ (33%/36%) conclud feat pris environ less import predict or aggr beh than charac of inmates tf strong evid 4 importat bc random allocat inmates

Question 62

ao3 - ign key fact; DE aggr prisons

Answer 62

limit dilulio; IM ign oth fact that influe prisoners beh ie way pris run proposed administrative control model ACM wh states poorly manag pris +re like 2 have inmate viol ie. weak leadership, few opport 4 educ tf import inadequ expl bc instit fact +re import than inmate charac

Question 63

ao3 - res supp; SE aggr prisons

Answer 63

strength cunningham et al; analysed 35 inmate homicides in texas pris b/w 2000-2008 many homicides followed fr arg b/w cell mates where 'boundaries' crossed, partic abo drugs, sexual act tf supp mod validity

Question 64

ao3 - contradictory res; SE aggr prisons

Answer 64

limit mod predicts that lack of heterosexual contact shou lead 2 high lev aggr beh in pris how hensley et al stud 256 male/fem inmates in 2 pris that allow conjugal visits no link b/w involv of visits and reduc aggr beh tf sugg situat fact x aff pris viol

Question 65

excssive tv viewing - media influe

Answer 65

watching too much tv may lead 2 aggr robertson et al; meas tv view. of 1000 new zealanders upto age 26yrs at reg interv fou time watching tv was reliable predictor of aggr beh in early adulth excessive tv assoc w reduc social interact/poor educ achieve link b/w 2 may be indirect ex aggr due to reduc social interact

Question 66

violent film content - media influe

Answer 66

most signif media influe on aggr beh bandura et al; replicat earlier study w child watching film of bobo doll instead childr imitat aggr beh of mod so outcome simi social learning proc operate thru media too

Question 67

TV/film eff not strong - media influe

Answer 67

paik/comstock; meta analy of 200 stud fou +ve correl b/w tv and antisoc beh how. tv only account 4 b/w 1-10% variance in aggr beh tv has minor role compar 2 oth sources

Question 68

computer games - media influe

Answer 68

cgs may have powerf eff bc pers has active role and game is rewarding lab experi show c + e b have ethical issues as esposes peop 2 viol/aggr TCRTT, anderson; fou peop who play vio game chose high vol white noise compar 2 those who didnt sev meas aggr +vely correlat w time spent playing viol games delisi et al; link so well establish aggr shou be health issue

Question 69

ao3 - defining aggr; media influe

Answer 69

limit aggr defined in various ways ex dep variab in many studies inclu vol of white noise blasted, crim convict or viol beh viol/aggr x same beh, all viol is aggr b x all aggr is viol tf variation in definit means findings hard 2 compare

Question 70

ao3 - counterpoint to defining aggr; media influe

Answer 70

anderson et al confucted meta analy of 136 stud defining aggr diff ways fou comp games incr in all outcomes aggr in both men/wom higher qual stud show great signif eff tf meta analy that inclu various aggr defin r valid meth

Question 71

ao3 - unsupp concl; media influe

Answer 71

limit many res stud methodolog weak ie. confou variab if poor qual study inclu in meta analy, analy also poor qual many stud r correl so c+e concl unjustif experim stud lack ext validity so cx be generalised tf some research guilty of drawing premature concl on findings that lack validity

Question 71

ao3 - explaining research findings; media influe

Answer 71

strength findings can be explained by SLT anderson et al note expos viol at home harmful 2 childr as like 2 imitate aggr beh seen as rewarded esp wh they identify w charac tv/comp games r oth sources of SL tf key ft of science having unifying expla to account 4 findings, enhancing validity of res

Question 72

role of desensitisation

Answer 72

when witness viol actions we experi physiological arousal assoc w sympath nerv sys ex incr heart rate when childr repeatedly view aggr on tv/comp games they beco used to its eff so stim has lesser impact and anxiety decr weisz/earls lab study; show ppts straw dogs film w graphic prolong rape scene then watch. re-enact rape trial male view straw dogs show great. accept of rape myths/s aggr express less sympth tow vict x eff on fem ppts

Question 73

role of disinhibition

Answer 73

being exposed continuosly to viol media means usual restraints learned by SLT are loosened aggr beh appears normative/socially sanctioned esp if minimise eff viol on vict and sugg aggr justified video games show viol rewarded/conseq minimised/ign creates new social norms in viewer

Question 74

role of cog priming

Answer 74

repeat. view. of aggr media can prov us w 'script' abo how viol situ may 'play out' huesmann; script stored in memory so beco 'ready' 2 be aggr process mostly automatic, sccript trigg w cues fischer/greitemeyer; invesitg song lyrics men listen. 2 aggr derogatory lyrics abo wom comap w wh listen 2 neutral fou aggr music men recall -ve qual abo wom/beh +re aggr towards wom confed study replic w wom/fou simi results

Question 75

ao3 = res supp; desensitisation

Answer 75

strength krahe et al; show ppts viol films while meas physiolog arousal using skin concordance ppts who habitual viewers viol media, low lev arousal/gave louder burst white noise 2 confed w/o provok tf this low arous to viol media users reflect desensitisation to eff of viol linked to great. willingness 2 be aggr

Question 76

ao3 - alternative expla ; desensitiation

Answer 76

limit desens cx expla some aggr krahe et al study fail. to link media viewing, low. arous and provok aggr catharsis +re valid expla theory sugg view viol media is safety valve wh releases aggr w/o viol beh tf x all agg is res desens/alternt expl +re valid

Question 77

ao3 - res supp; disinhibition

Answer 77

strength berkowitz/alioto; fou ppts saw film depicting aggr as vengenance and gave +re false shocks 4 longer, media viol disinhib aggr if present as justified tf demostr link b/w remov social constraints/subseq aggr beh

Question 78

ao3 - cartoon viol; disinhib

Answer 78

strength in cart childr learn aggr acceptab esp if cart mod x punish tf disinhib beh expl how cart aggr can lead 2 aggr in those who observe

Question 79

ao3 - real world applic; cog priming

Answer 79

strength bushman/anderson; arg some1 who watches viol med accesses stored aggr scripts +re readily so interprets cues aggr/resort 2 viol w/o consid alternat tf sugg intervent cou pot reduce aggr by challeng hostile cog biases

Question 80

ao3 - confounding variables' cog priming

Answer 80

limit cv w vid g, viol v g +re complex than non viol zendle et al; fou when complex contr, prim eff of viol g disappear tf supp find stud into priming may be partly due 2 cv