Aggression

Question 1

Kluver and Bucy

Answer 1

destruction of amygdala in monkeys causes loss of dominant place

Question 2

Boccardi et al

Answer 2

habitually violent offenders exhibit abnormal hippocampal functioning

Question 3

Mann et al

Answer 3

35 healthy ppts dexfluramine (lowers serotonin) led to increase hostility scores on questionnaire in male ppts not female

Question 4

Daly and Wilson

Answer 4

highest levels of testosterone in men ages 21-35

Question 5

Wagner et al

Answer 5

aggression in mice decreased when castrated (low testosterone)

Question 6

Dabbs et al

Answer 6

salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals, highest level in violent

Question 7

Ziomkiewicz

Answer 7

negative correlation between progesterone and self-report aggression
high progesterone = low aggression

Question 8

Pardini et al

Answer 8

longitudinal MRI scans
lower amygdala volume = more violent history even after control over confounding variables

Question 9

Rosado et al

Answer 9

sample of aggressive dogs vs non-aggressive
aggressive had lower serotonin levels

Question 10

Dolan et al

Answer 10

positive correlation between testosterone and aggression in 60 violent offenders UK maximum security prison, also had personality disorders and history impulsively violent

Question 11

Coccaro et al

Answer 11

physical aggression 50% 19%
verbal 28% 7%

Question 12

Hutchings and Mednick

Answer 12

over 14000 male adoptees Denmark
most likely to become criminal if adoptive and biological family criminal, biological (particularly fathers) had greater impact

Question 13

Brunner et al

Answer 13

28 male Dutch family involved in criminal activity
low MAOA

Question 14

Caspi et al

Answer 14

boys MAOA-L likely to be anti-social if maltreated
boys MAOA-H and maltreated or MAOA-L not maltreated did not display behaviour

Question 15

Niehoff

Answer 15

consequence of differential genetic vulnerability, X chromosome
Men inherit X, likely to be affected women are unaffected as second X prevents abnormality

Question 16

Lorenz

Answer 16

adaptive function of aggression
‘defeated animal is rarely killed just establish territory elsewhere
reduces competition over resources and establish dominance

Question 17

FAPs

Answer 17

fixed action pattern
sequence of preprogrammed behaviours
triggered by IRM
stereotyped, universal, unaffected by learning, ballistic (once triggered cannot be stopped), single purpose

Question 18

IRMs

Answer 18

biological structure/process
triggered by sign stimulus

Question 19

Tinbergen

Answer 19

presented sticklebacks with wooden models
regardless of shape if had red spot stickleback would attack
FAPs stereotyped ballistic and universal

Question 20

Lehrman

Answer 20

underestimated role of environment
environmental factors interact with innate in complex ways
nowadays ‘FAP’ replaced by ‘behaviour pattern’ as can be modified by experience are subtle variations between members of same species

Question 21

Goodall

Answer 21

chimpanzees Gombe Stream National Park
male chimps slaughtered members of another group pre-meditated
violence continued despite appeasement

Question 22

Wilson and Daly

Answer 22

Mate Retention Strategies
direct guarding
negative inducements

Question 23

Wilson et al

Answer 23

women reporting mate retention 2 times likely to experience physical violence
of these 73% required medical attention 53% said they feared for their lives

Question 24

Shakelford et al

Answer 24

positive correlation men reporting mate retention and women reporting physical violence
men that use mate retention more likely physical

Question 25

Ellis et al

Answer 25

strategies to reward prosocial behaviour can reduce bullying as evolutionary eg give student status through responsibility

Question 26

Dollard et al

Answer 26

Frustration-Aggression hypothesis frustration always lead to aggression, aggression always result of frustration cathartic aggressive drive experience drive reduction

Question 27

Geen

Answer 27

research F-A male uni students jigsaw puzzle impossible/interfering/insulting/control gave shocks to confederate when making mistake on task insulted gave most shocks then interfered then impossible then control

Question 28

Berkowitz and LePage

Answer 28

frustration creates readiness for aggression, cues make act more likely Weapons/badminton racquets from 'past experiment' asked to give shocks approx 6 shocks with weapon and 4 without Drivers USA with guns more likely to make obscene gestures, aggressively follow closely or both

Question 29

Bandura

Answer 29

Bobo doll study vicarious reinforcement mediational processes (attention retention motor-reproduction and motivation) self-efficacy (belief actions will achieve goal)

Question 30

Poulin and Boivin

Answer 30

slt boys age 9-12 aggressive friends with other aggressive 'training grounds' for anti-social behaviour reinforce aggression positive consequences and approval from each other

Question 31

Zimbardo

Answer 31

individuated - rational de-individuated - impulsive groups of 4 female ppts undergrads gave shocks to another student as 'learning aid' 1/2 lab coats no name, others normal referred to by name and can see each other ppts more likely to give shocks in lab coat ad 2 times as long

Question 32

Dodd

Answer 32

'if you could do anything humanly possible without being detected/held responsible what would it be?' told responses are anonymous 36% anti-social 26% criminal 9% prosocial

Question 33

Mann (de-individuation)

Answer 33

identified 21 cases suicidal 'jumpers' in US newspapers where baiting occurred usually at night in big crowds far from the jumpers

Question 34

Gergen

Answer 34

Deviance in the dark strangers in dark room for 1 hour told they would never identify the other, talking kissing touching repeated and told they would come face to face kissing and touching decreased dramatically

Question 35

Johnson and Downing

Answer 35

female ppts electric shocks KKK/nurses/normal KKK gave more shocks, nurses more compassionate and fewest shocks

Question 36

Irwin and Cressey

Answer 36

Importation model dispositional prisoners bring violent pasts

Question 37

DeLisi et al (institutional)

Answer 37

813 juvenile delinquents confined in Californian institute negative dispositional features more likely to engage in suicidal activity/ sexual activity/ violence than control

Question 38

Clemmer

Answer 38

deprivation model situational explanation deprived freedom/independence/safety/goods/services inc competition

Question 39

Steiner

Answer 39

factors in 512 US prisons inmate on inmate violence more common in prisons higher female staff/ over-crowding/ more inmates in protective custody

Question 40

Camp and Gaes

Answer 40

561 male inmates similar criminal history, half low security half high security 33% low security and 36% high involved in aggressive behaviour

Question 41

Cunningham et al

Answer 41

35 inmate homicides in Texas prisons motivations linked to deprivations arguments over drugs sexual activity and personal possession

Question 42

Jiang and Fisher-Gorlando

Answer 42

suggest importation explains violence between inmates, deprivation explains toward staff deprivation only lead to violence when combined with individual characteristics

Question 43

Robertson et al

Answer 43

TV viewing hours of 1000 New Zealanders up to 26 at regular intervals excessive TV viewing associated with aggressive behaviour (+reduced social interaction and educational achievement)

Question 44

Bartholow and Anderson

Answer 44

lab experiment students play violent/non-violent games 10 mins TCRTT white noise at chosen volume violent game gave higher volume than non-violent

Question 45

De Lisi et al (media)

Answer 45

227 juvenile offenders interviewed aggressive behaviour correlated with enjoyment of games

Question 46

Ferguson and Kilburn

Answer 46

studies where aggression is measured, media violence exposure and aggression relationship almost zero

Question 47

Przybylski

Answer 47

Oxford uni British teens no link between media exposure and aggression

Question 48

Weisz and Earls

Answer 48

Desensitisation Straw dog (rape scene) shown reenactment of rape trial male viewers greater acceptance of rape myths, less sympathy for victims, less likely to find defendant guilty

Question 49

Goranson

Answer 49

Disinhibition boxing match loser died/ no consequence ppts without consequence more likely to act aggressively

Question 50

Fischer and Greitemeyer

Answer 50

song derogatory lyrics or neutral male ppts derogatory songs recall more negative female qualities and act aggressively to female confederate compared to neutral same for females with 'men-hating' songs