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aggression Flashcards

1
Q

define aggression

A

behaviour intended to harm another individual

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2
Q
  • extreme acts of aggression
A

violence

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3
Q

strong feelings of displeasure in response to perceived injury

A

anger

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4
Q

hostility = ?

A

negative, antagonistic, attitude toward another person or group. with anger without causing harm

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5
Q

2 types of aggression

A

instrumental aggression

emotional (hostile) aggression

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6
Q

define instrumental aggression:

A

harm is inflicted as means to desired end. AKA proactive. harm to achieve personal gain, self-defense, hurt someone.

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7
Q

emotional (hostile) aggression:

A

harm is inflicted for it’s own sake
- means and end coincide.
AKA reaction aggression. impulsive.

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8
Q

trends in cultures and violence

A

us - highly violent. individualistic countries
individualistic: more independence = rate of aggression, because they care less about social harmony.
collectivist - care about cooperation and social harmony

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9
Q

cultures differ in

  • form of violence
  • people’s attitudes to aggression
A
    • hand guns super high in US. but overall violence lower in US than in england/wales.
    • india: dont mind wife being hit by husband. but low incidence. in US, do min wife being hit. but greater incidence of wife getting hit.
  • differ in aggression regarding children, bullying as hgih as 80-90%
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10
Q

nonviolent societies

A

handful of societies are just non-violent.

cooperation and lack of competition. shared superordinate goals

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11
Q

subcultures within a country

  • age
  • race
  • region
A
  • age: teen/young people are more likely to be victims and perpetratory
  • race: larger majority of murders are intraracial vs interracial. african americans live in more violent america than whites do.
  • region: US murder rate is higher in the south and the west. – culture of honour? hot weather?
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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in virtually every culture, males are more violent than females

A

TRUE

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13
Q

t/r for virtually any category of aggression, males are more aggressive than females

A

FALSE

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14
Q

gender & aggression

A

universal findings that men are more violent than women - more perpetrators and victims are male.

  • boys: overtly aggressive - violent, physically aggressive
  • girls: indirectly aggressive. tell lies, shut person out.
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15
Q

specific kind of indirect aggression that consists of gossip, backstab, getting others to dislike the target

A

relational aggression.

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16
Q

gender - T and violence?

A

increased physical aggression assoc w higher T but small effect.
note tho that T is modifiiable by situation.

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17
Q

individual differences in aggression
2- stable
4 -situational

A

aggression in childhood (more likely aggressive as teen/adult)
hostile cognitions, express anger, highly irritable = more aggressive.

  • emotional susceptibility (tendency to feel upset inadequate)
  • narcissims - (tendency to have overly inflated self-esteem. unstable, aggressive when self-worth threatened)
  • type A personality (tendency to be driven by feeling of self-inadequacy)
  • impulsivity (unable to control thoughts/behaviours)
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18
Q

aggression innate (nature)? - evolutionary psychology

A

emphasis on genetic survival rather than survival of the individual.

  • account for inhibition of aggression against genetically related others.
  • human warfare from getting resources and attractive mates, forming intragroup bias.
  • biological children less likely harmed by biological parents than someone not related to.
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19
Q

gender differences in purpose for aggression

A

males aggress to achieve and maintain status. helps female choose that male.
male-female violence triggered by sexual jealousy.
male-male viiolence higher when one male threatened the other’s social power
females aggress to protect offsrping.

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20
Q

aggression innate? behaviour genetics. 2 studies

A

twin studies: MZ vsDZ: inheritable traits will resemble MZ more than DZ
adoptee study: inherited trait: should resemble biological parents more than adopted parents.
mixed results. trend supports heritability to some degree

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21
Q

growing out of violence. leaving high crime years

A

aging out of crime

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22
Q

aggression innate? Testosterone

A

M have higher levels than F.
M in frats - more rambunctious, crude = higher T.
Temporary icnrease in T after aggression is successful.
higher stress - elevated T& aggression. - study: ppl who are voluntarily changing. found increased aggression proneness with more T. maybe indirect roles tho

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23
Q

higher exposure to prenatal T =?

A

finger length. longer ring finger than pointer finger.

assoc with higher aggression from men and higher indirect aggression in females

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24
Q

aggression innate? role of serotonin

A

5-ht appears to restrain impulsive acts of aggression.

- low assoc w high aggression. boost = dampen aggression

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25
aggression innate? brain and executive function
structure of frontal lobe assoc w aggression and violent behaviour. - impaire pfc in particular can disrupt executive functioning, to inhibit certain actions. - in teens watching someone inflict pain, the more aggressive teens have less pfc activation and less amygdala activation. not affected by seeing the violence.
26
t/f: children who are spanked or otherwise physically disciplined (but not abused) tend to become less aggressive
false
27
aggression learned?
strongly affected by learning, rewards. aggression can be positively and negatively enforces
28
aggression reinforces + -
positive: aggression produces desired outcomes negative: aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcomes
29
3 factors when punishment is most likely to decrease aggression
- immediately follows aggressive behaviour - strong enough to deter aggressor - consistently applied and perceived as fair and legitimate by aggressor.
30
3 problems with using punishment to reduce aggressive bhaviours
- punishment perceived unfair - punishment problematic because teaches other lessons - model for kids to imitate. - corporal punishment (physical force to cause pain) - linked to aggression later on. -
31
social learning theory | - important study and 2 findings
behaviour learned through observation of others - learn from examples/mood and experiences with rewards/punishment BOBO doll 1. saw adult model = more likely to exhbit same behaviour 2. novel ways to be aggressive.
32
social learning study 2
live adult vs filmed vs cartoon cat vs no aggression. - control had lowest aggression. - males aggressed more than females - in males, cartoon cat led to very high aggression -- learned specific aggressive behaviour, develop more positive attitudes and beliefs about aggression, construct aggressive "scripts", positive correlatin btw parents aggressive behaviour and child's later aggression.
33
observing non-aggressive models
decreease aggressive behaiovur. - observe non-aggressive responses = show other ways to deal with it. strengthen restraints. - non violence and prosocial behaviour reduce aggression and violence.
34
violence and video games
- viewing at age 8 = greater level of aggression 10 years later. violent video games causal for increased aggressive behaviour.
35
3 accomplishments of "best instructional practices
- teaching same content across several context. - distributing the practice over time - inducing emotional and physiologica responses
36
unmoved by violence =?
numbing effects
37
male differences and socialization
males and females are rewarded differently for aggression. - social roles have strong influence on gender differences in physical aggression. - - overt physical aggression: more socially acceptable in male role than in female role.
38
culture and socialization - cultures of honour
more accepting of aggression to protect power, toughness, ability to protect one's property - higher rates of domestic violence
39
challenges, abuse, differences in opinions, threats met with fists and weapons
machismo
40
insults, aggression & southern culture of honour
mostly in american south. culture promotes various aggressive acts. study: walk down narrow hallway, confederate doesnt move, bump participant and yell. souther - more physiologically primed for aggression, more aroused, more aggressive and dominant behaviours later on.
41
t/f: blowing off steam by engaging in safe but aggressive activities makes people less likely to aggress later
FALSE
42
frustration - aggression hypothesis
frustration (interruption of getting to goal) always elicits the motive to aggress. all aggression caused by frustration.
43
motive to aggress is ?
psych drive that resembles physio drive. - can lead to displacement. move to safer target. - catharsis - reduction of displacement of aggression. - engage in less violent behaviour.
44
research supporting frustration-aggression hypothesis?
frustration does not always produce aggressive inclinations. other causes of aggression besides frustration. - displacement valid? scrutinized. scape-goating.
45
catharsis.2 step sequence
1. aggression reduces level of physiological arousal | 2. because arousal is reduced, become less angry and less likely to aggress further.
46
problems with catharsis - imagined - arousal - hostile - loosen
- imagined aggression or the observation of aggressive models = increase arousal and aggression. - aactual aggression can lower arousal levels, but if aggressive intent remains = "cold-blooded" aggression. - hostile feelings persist - low levels of aggression can loosen restraints against more violent behaviour.
47
frustration-aggression hypothesis revised
frustration is but one of many unpleasant experiences that can lead to aggression by creating negative, uncomfortable feelings. (-) feeling not frustration that trigger aggression.
48
perception that you have less than you deserve can lead to aggression
relative deprivation
49
causes of aggression?
urge to reciprocate | social isolation - rejection = aggression
50
have ability to aggress - that's innate. what's nurture?
doing the aggressing. learn behaviours, makes it ok. learn to inhibit
51
link between heat & violence
lose cool when things get hot. ppl more violent in summer than winter. indirect aggression increases in heat. thought that ppl get uncomfortable in heaet. - hotter cities - more violent - baseball pitcher more likely to hit batter on hotter days.
52
negative affect - from heat, social rejection. vs positive affect.
``` negative = increase in aggression positive = reduce aggression. empathic response reduces aggression ```
53
intensity of arousal important with regard to aggression
excitation transfer- arousa created by 1 stimulus increases arousal to other stimulus. - vigourous exercise may increase aggression. noise, crowding, violent movie, arousing = increase aggression.
54
thoughts - both automatic and deliberate. | automatic - guns.
presence of weapon is situational cue that automatically triggers aggressive thoughts and feelings and may lead to aggressive behaviour -- more electric shock given when guns present vs when sports equipment present.
55
tendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by mere presence of guns
weapons effect
56
handle gun vs game
gun = increase T - poured more hot sauce in water other person had to drink game - almost no increase in T
57
higher order cognition: cognitive control
deliberate, thoughtful consideration of situation can influence aggression. - costs? flee not fight - inappropriate? better alternatives.
58
tendency to perceive hostile intent in others
hostile attribution bias. | - rejected kids, see neutral situation as hostile = more aggressive.
59
situational influences on emotional aggression
input = aversice experiences, situational cues, individual/cultureal differences = effect on level of aggression: affect, arousal, cognition. + higher order thinking to inhibit or facilitated.
60
reducing violence
situational and emotional factors | - reduce stressors, teach nonviolent response, cooperation over competitive,
61
punishing aggression: threat of relatively severe punishment vs mild
``` severe = doesnt make transgression less appealing. mild = justify behaviour as your own attitude changing. ```
62
5 ways to deal w anger
``` actively enable to dissipate communication & problem solving. emotional control conflict resolution empathy reduces aggression ```

Psych 241 (11 decks)

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