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CHAP 5 > aging > Flashcards

aging Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Aging changes

A
  • Cellular changes
  • tissue changes
  • organ changes
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2
Q

ageism

A

Discrimination and prejudice leveled against individuals on the basis of their age

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3
Q

Categories of older adult adults

A
  • Young old: ages 65 to 74
  • Middle old: ages 75 to 84
  • very old: ages above 85
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4
Q

leading causes of death

A
  • coronary heart disease (CHD)
  • cancer
  • chronic lower respiratory disease and stroke
  • Alzheimer’s disease
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5
Q

leading causes of disability/chronic conditions

A
  • hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • arthritis
  • heart disease
  • diabetes
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6
Q

biological theory of aging

A

Addresses aging at the cellular, molecular, and organism levels

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7
Q

psychological theory of aging

A

Addresses changes in cognitive, personality, and social development in the middle and later years of life

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8
Q

sociological theory of aging

A

Considers the context in which aging occurs

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9
Q

age related changes in the muscular system

A
  • Changes may be due more to decrease activity level levels
  • loss of muscle strength
  • Loss of power
  • loss of skeletal muscle mass (atrophy)
  • Changes and muscle fiber composition
  • Changes in muscular endurance
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10
Q

clinical implications of the muscular system

A
  • movements become slower
  • increased complaints of fatigue
  • Connective tissue becomes denser and stiffer
  • Decreased functional mobility, limitations to movement
  • May become unsteady due to changes and balance and strength, increase need for assistive devices
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11
Q

strategies to slow, reverse, and/or compensate for age related muscular system changes

A
  • improve health
  • increase levels of physical activity
  • Provide strength training to increase and/or maintain muscle strength
  • Provide flexibility and range of motion exercises to increase range of motion
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12
Q

age related changes to the skeletal system

A
  • cartilage changes
  • Loss of bone mass and density
    -in vertebral discs
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13
Q

Strategies to slow, reverse, and/or compensate for age related skeletal system

A
  • posture exercises
  • weight-bearing
  • nutritional, hormonal, and medical therapies
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14
Q

Age related changes in the neurological system

A
  • atrophy of nerve cells and cerebral cortex
  • Changes in brain morphology
  • Decreased cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism
  • Changes in synaptic transmission
  • Changes in spinal cord/peripheral nerves
  • age related tremors
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15
Q

Clinical implications of neurological system changes

A
  • Speed and coordination or decreased
  • reaction time and movement timer increased
  • slowing of learning and memory
    x Problems and homeostatic regulation
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16
Q

strategies to slow, reverse, and/or compensate for age related neurological system changes

A

-correct medical problems
- increase levels of physical activity
- Provide effective strategies to improve motor learning and control

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17
Q

Low vision

A

A visual impairment that standard eyeglasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery cannot correct

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18
Q

age related macular degeneration (AMD)

A
  • Affects the macular, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail
  • appears as a “blank spot “
  • Affected area is called a scotoma
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19
Q

diabetic retinopathy

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A

Complication of diabetes that affects the eyes
- this is caused by damage to the blood vessels of light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye

20
Q

Nonproliferative, diabetic retinopathy

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A

Early stage of the disease in which symptoms will be mild or not apparent leaving moore vision intact

21
Q

Proliferative, diabetic retinopathy

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A

More advanced former of the disease, characterized by new blood vessel growth in the retina and leakage of blood vessels

22
Q

Glaucoma

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A

Chronic elevated pressure in the eye that may cause optic nerve atrophy, and loss of peripheral vision
- start peripherally and moves towards central vision

23
Q

cataracts

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A

Opacity of the lens, including protein changes and lens hardening/thickening, which results in diminished, visual, acuity, and gradual loss and vision

24
Q

Strategies to slow, reverse, and/or compensate for age related visual system change

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A
  • maximize visual function
  • allow extra time for visual discrimination in response
  • working in adequate light and reduce glare
  • use large, high contrast print
  • provide magnifying glass
  • Eyepatch for diplopia
  • Stand directly in front of person when talking
  • assistant, color discrimination
25
Conductive hearing loss
Mechanical hearing loss from damage to external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, or middle ear ossicles; resulting in hearing loss; tinnitus may be present
26
27
sensorineural hearing loss
Central hearing loss for multiple factors, e.g. noise, damage, trauma, disease, drugs
28
Presbycusis
sensorineural hearing loss associated with metal and older ages; characterized by bilateral hearing loss, especially at high frequencies at first, then all frequencies; poor, auditory, discrimination, and comprehension, especially with background noise
29
strategies to slow, reverse, and/or competency for age related auditory system changes
- minimize, auditory distractions - Speak slowly - use nonverbal communication - Provide written and demonstrated - orient person to the topic of conversation - Provide assistive devices
30
Vestibular system changes
- diminished acuity, delayed reaction times - reduced function of vestibular ocular reflex - altered sensory organization - less able to resolve sensory conflicts when presented with inappropriate visual, appropriate subjective input due of vestibular loss - partial response patterns for balance or disorganized
31
somatic sensory system changes
- decrease sensitivity of touch Proprioceptive losses - Loss of joint receptor sensitivity - Cutaneous pain threshold increase
32
Additional loss of sensation with pathology
- diabetes, peripheral neuropathy - CVA, central sensory losses - Peripheral vascular disease, peripheral ischemia
33
Strategies to slow, reverse, and/or competency for age related to medicine sensory system changes
- Use touch communication - provide augmented feedback through appropriate sensory channels - Teach compensatory strategies - Provide assistive devices and environmental modifications
34
guttering old factory system changes
- gradual decrease in taste sensitivity, resulting in poor diet and inadequate nutrition - decrease smell, sensitivity, resulting in decreased home safety
35
conditions, resulting in additional loss of gustatory olfactory sensations
- smoking - chronic allergies, respiratory infection - dentures - CVA, involvement of hypoglossal nerve
36
strategies to slow, reverse, and/or compensate for age related cognitive system changes
- improve health - increased physical activity - increase mental activity - Provide multiple sensory cues to compensate for decreased sensory processing - provide stimulating, enriching environment - avoid environmental dislocation - reduce stress
37
cardio vascular system changes
- due more to inactivity and disease in - degeneration heart muscle - Decreased blood volume - increase blood coagulability
38
clinical implications for cardiovascular changes
- Changes at rest or minor - cardiovascular responses to exercise - decrease stroke volume due to decreased myocardial contractility - Maximum heart rate declines with age - orthostatic hypotension
39
pulmonary system age related change changes
- Chest wall stiff - Changes in pulmonary blood vessels - decline in total lung capacity
40
clinical implications for pulmonary change
- signs of hypoxia are blunted - prolonged recovery from respiratory illness - gag, reflexes, decreased, increased risk of aspiration
41
strategies to slow, reverse, and/or compensate for age related cardio, pulmonary system change
- an individualized exercise prescription - aerobic training program - improve overall daily activity level levels for independent living
42
Integumentary changes
- changes in skin composition - loss of effectiveness is protective barrier - Skin grows in heels, more slowly, less able to resist injury and infection - Decreased sweat, production with loss of sweat, glands results and decrease temperature regulation in homeostasis
43
gastrointestinal changes
- decrease elevation, taste, and smell along with inadequate chewing - Reduce mobility and control of esophagus - Decreased intestinal mobility
44
Renal, urogenital changes
- loss of kidney mass and bladder muscle weakness
45
three types of elder abuse
- domestic elder abuse - Institutional elder abuse - Self neglect or self abuse
46
OT intervention for elder abuse
- Treatment for physical and emotional injuries Develop a trusting relationship Assist in developing a support system Refer to appropriate disciplines and/or agencies

CHAP 5 (7 decks)

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