Agricultural and social developments in the countryside 1929-1941 Flashcards
voluntary and forced collectivisation; state farms; mechanisation; the impact of collectivisation on the kulaks and other peasants; the famine of 1932–1934; the success of collectivisation (37 cards)
when was voluntary collectivisation and what did it include
1928-1929
government tried to persuade peasants of the benefits of working communally
how many farms had been collectivised by 1929
less than 5%
When was forced collectivisation
1929-1930
how was forced collectivisation carried out
local party members backed by the OGPU and red army drove peasants into collectives
peasants given procurement quotas and there was punishment if it was not delivered
why was Stalin against kulaks
he thought they were causing the grain procurement issues by hoarding grain
how were kulaks dealt with when collectivising
they were not permitted into collectives
the red army and OGPU were used to identify execute and deport kulaks
how did peasants try to avoid being labelled as kulaks
killed livestock and destroyed crops
how many sheep pigs and cattle were killed as a result of peasants fearing being labelled kulaks
25-30%
what did Stalin announce in January 1930
That 25% of grain producing areas were to be collectivised by the end of the year
how many peasants households had collectivised by march 1930
58%
why was there a brief return to voluntary collectivisation and when was it
winter 1930-spring 1931
Stain thought the officials were being too rigorous (dizzy with success) and collectivising too fast
by how much did the numbers in collectives drop after the return to voluntary collectivisation
dropped to 20%
when was 100% collectivisation achieved
1941
what was the ideal form of farming
sovkhoz
what were the majority of collective farms
kolkhoz
what was a sovkhoz
organised by the state on land confiscated from former large estates
workers paid wage by the state
organised according to industrial principles for specialised large scale production
what was a kolkhoz
combined small individual farms in a cooperative structure
workers received a share of the farms profit based on how much they worked
allowed to have private plots from 1935
when were machine tractor stations introduced
1931
what was the role of machine tractor stations
provided seed
hired out machinery and tractors to collectives
how did sovkhozes benefit over kolkhozes
received more and better machinery e.g. combine harvesters
got given support such as vets and technicians
How much of farming became mechanised
by 1938 72% of ploughing and 48% of harvesting was mechanised
who were the 25,000s and what was their role
Stalin enlisted an army of party activists to help revolutionised the countryside
identified kulaks for deportation, shooting or sending to labour camps
local officials and peasants wouldn’t identify them as they were the best farmers
how many people were deported or killed as a result of collectivisation and resistance to it
up to 10 million
what was the decree of February first
said local party organisations could use “necessary measures against he kulaks”
