Economic and social developments 1918-1924

Question 1

what was state capitalism

Answer 1

a mixture of communism and capitalism
large scale industry nationalised but allowed private trade, free markets and small scale industry privatised
Includes the decrees of 1917

Question 2

when was state capitalism

Answer 2

1917-1918

Question 3

when were the banks nationalised

Answer 3

December 1917

Question 4

When were the railways nationalised

Answer 4

June and September 1918

Question 5

When was external trade nationalised

Answer 5

June 1918

Question 6

why was workers control of factories a problem under state capitalism

Answer 6

They were not good at managing so production fell causing inflation
They gave themselves bonuses and stole

Question 7

Why was inflation under state capitalism a problem

Answer 7

peasants refused to sell grain leading to food and fuel shortages
Leading to black markets, exodus, starvation and disease

Question 8

How many people died from starvation under state capitalism

Answer 8

5 million

Question 9

How many people left Petrograd under state capitalism

Answer 9

60% of the workforce by April 1918

Question 10

How much of their wages were workers spending on food under state capitalism

Answer 10

75%

Question 11

When was war communism

Answer 11

1918-1921

Question 12

What was war communism for

Answer 12

To provide food to the red army and workers in towns and cities
to stop the economic decline caused by state capitalism

Question 13

What are the 5 elements of war communism

Answer 13

Requisitioning
Labour discipline
Rationing
Ban on private trade
Nationalisation of all industry

Question 14

How was requisitioning carried out under war communism

Answer 14

Food supplies dictatorship established in May 1918
Units of Red guards and soldiers would forcibly take a quota of grain from the peasants

Question 15

When did all industry come under state control

Answer 15

June 1918

Question 16

How was labour discipline improved

Answer 16

Workers committees replaced by managers
Fines for lateness or absenteeism
Work books needed to get rations
Piece-work rates
Internal passports to stop migration

Question 17

How did rationing work under war communism

Answer 17

On a class basis
Workers and soldiers got the most rations
Middle class and bourgeoisie got barely enough to survive

Question 18

How was war communism successful

Answer 18

stopped economic decline
helped the reds win the civil war by feeding the workers and soldiers
controlled the peasants
increased Bolshevik control

Question 19

inflation under war communism

Answer 19

1918-1921 20% a month

Question 20

what emerged as a result of the ban on private trade under war communism

Answer 20

A black market which made up 2/3 of peoples diet

Question 21

How low were wages under war communism

Answer 21

In 1919 wages were 2% of 1913 wages

Question 22

What did the fuel shortage cause under war communism

Answer 22

Winter of 1919-1920 3000 homes in Petrograd were stripped of wood

Question 23

How many migrated under war communism

Answer 23

1/2 of the urban proletariat

Question 24

How low was production under war communism

Answer 24

In 1920 production was 14% of what it was in 1913

Question 25

7 issues with war communism

Answer 25

Inflation food and fuel shortages black market low industry production Migration Resistance Low wages

Question 26

3 elements of the NEP

Answer 26

Ban on private trade lifted Grain requisitioning ended Rationing ended

Question 27

How was grain requisitioning ender under the NEP

Answer 27

It was replaced by a tax in kind then replaced by a normal tax after the scissor crisis of 1923

Question 28

How much did cereal production increase under the NEP

Answer 28

Increased 23% 1920-1923

Question 29

How much did factory output increase under the NEP

Answer 29

Increased 200% 1920-1923

Question 30

When had production levels of 1913 been reached under the NEP

Answer 30

1923

Question 31

How was the NEP successful

Answer 31

recovered the economy reduced unrest within Russia

Question 32

How was the NEP unsuccessful

Answer 32

Ideologically not sound so faced opposition - ban on factions NEPmen Scissor crisis

Question 33

What was the scissor crisis

Answer 33

1923 Grain prices were falling but industrial prices were rising as the industry had not fully recovered peasants were reluctant to sell grain resolved when government changed tax in kind to tax and by bringing down industrial prices

Question 34

Who were NEPmen

Answer 34

private traders who would travel selling goods made up 3/4 of retail trade by 1923

Question 35

How many times did Kiev change hands during the civil war

Answer 35

16 times

Question 36

What happened to the miner in the Donbass region in the civil war

Answer 36

they were shot if they did not produce enough

Question 37

How many Jewish people were murdered in Ukraine in the Civil War

Answer 37

115,000

Question 38

What did the Cossacks do during the civil war

Answer 38

raped and murdered whole villages during pogroms

Question 39

prostitutes in Petrograd

Answer 39

In 1920 42% of prostitutes in Petrograd were from bourgeoisie families

Question 40

Why did bourgeoisie suffer under war communism

Answer 40

They had very little rations Housing was taken and split into flats for the poor Resorted to selling any belonging and prostitution

Question 41

How did some workers benefit during the Civil War

Answer 41

Bourgeoisie houses were split up and given to poor people

Question 42

how many people died from disease during the Civil War

Answer 42

450,000

Question 43

5 poor social conditions during the Civil War

Answer 43

Chaos - Kiev treatment from armies - pogroms disease treatment of workers - Donbass miners bourgeoisie and middle classes

Question 44

When did the red terror begin and why

Answer 44

Began in summer 1918 after Left wing SRs shot the German ambassador and attempted to shoot Lenin

Question 45

What happened to Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries in the red terror

Answer 45

Many were arrested Excluded from soviets

Question 46

What happened to many prisoners during the red terror

Answer 46

they were shot

Question 47

How many people were killed by the cheka during the red terror

Answer 47

Official records claim 13,000 Real estimates are around 300,000

Question 48

What was the aim of the red terror

Answer 48

remove opposition scare civilians into obedience carry out class warfare help requisitioning

Question 49

Why did the introduction of the NEP require more political control

Answer 49

As it was against communist ideology so Lenin faced a lot of opposition from within and outside the party

Question 50

What happened to other political groups after the introduction of the NEP

Answer 50

5000 Mensheviks were arrested Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries were outlawed

Question 51

What were the show trials after the NEP

Answer 51

1921 34 Socialist Revolutionaries were condemned as terrorists 11 were executed

Question 52

How was censorship introduced after the NEP

Answer 52

1922 All writing and publications had to be submitted to GLAVIT before being published Writes and scholars were deported in spring 1922

Question 53

When and why did the Tambov rebellion begin

Answer 53

1920 After a bad harvest requisitioning squads continued to take grain when stock was very low

Question 54

How many were arrested and shot during the Tambov rebellion

Answer 54

100,000 arrested 15,000 shot

Question 55

How was the Tambov rebellion defeated

Answer 55

100,000 red army soldiers took over a year to deal with

Question 56

When did the Kronstadt rebellion start

Answer 56

March 1st 1921

Question 57

What did the Kronstadt sailors do

Answer 57

Mutinied and started to revolt against the Bolsheviks Formed a provisional revolutionary committee which issues demands

Question 58

What were the demands of the Kronstadt rebellion

Answer 58

Relaxation of war communism improve food supplies Increase democratic input into government

Question 59

How was the Krostadt rebellion stopped

Answer 59

60,000 troops led a siege for 3 weeks

Question 60

When did the Kronstadt rebellion fall

Answer 60

March 17th 1921

Question 61

How many sailors were captured after the Kronstadt rebellion

Answer 61

2,000