Agriculture 3

Question 1

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 1

-farming of large-scale grain producers and cattle ranches, mechanized equipment and factory-type labor forces, plantations and profit

Question 2

Roots of modern commercial agriculture

Answer 2

• traced to the colonial empires established by European powers in the 18th & 19th century.
• Europe became a market for agricultural products
  
  • manufactured/sold in their colonies the finished products from raw materials from the colony

Question 3

Example of how refrigeration benefited food processing regions

Answer 3

-In Argentina, the beef industry secured a world market when the invention of refrigerated ships made it possible to transport perishable commodity over long distances

Question 4

Monoculture

Answer 4

-dependence on a single agricultural commodity

Question 5

Examples of colonies known for certain crops

Answer 5

• Ghanaians still raise cacao
• Moçambiquans still grow cotton
• Sri Lankans still produce tea

Question 6

Köppen climate classification system

Answer 6

• created by Wladimir Köppen

- classifies the world’s climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

Question 7

Climatic regions

Answer 7

-areas with similar climatic characteristics

Question 8

Letter categories of climate (A)

Answer 8

• (A) hot/very warm and humid
• (Af) equatorial rainforest “no dry”
• (Am) monsoon climate “short dry season
• (Aw) savanna

Question 9

Letter categories of climate (B)

Answer 9

• (B) dry climates
• (BW) desert
• (BS) steppe

Question 10

Letter categories of climate (C)

Answer 10

• (C) humid temperate; moist, doesn’t get as cold as it does in Canada or as warm as in the Amazon Basin
• (Cf) no dry season; (Cw) dry winter; (Cs) dry summer

Question 11

Letter categories of climate (D)

Answer 11

• (D) humid cold
• (Df) no dry season
• winters are very cold in all (D) climates

Question 12

Letter categories of climate (E) and (H)

Answer 12

• (E) cold polar; tundra and ice

- (H) highland; unclassified highlands

Question 13

Examples of poorer regions locked into production of 1 or 2 cash crops

Answer 13

• Caribbean, whole national economies depend on sugar exports which was introduced by 1600s European colonist
• sell sugar at highest possible price, but not in position to dictate prices
• gov. in the core pale quotas on imports of agricultural products and subsidize production of the same commodities

Question 14

Plantation agriculture

Answer 14

• cash crops are grown on large estates
• consist in poorer, primarily tropical, countries
• Middle and South America, Africa, South Asia

Question 15

Example of plantation crops

Answer 15

• bananas, sugar, coffee, cocoa in Middle and South America
• rubber, cocoa, tea in West/East Africa
• tea in South Asia; rubber in Southeast Asia

Question 16

What happened in Guatemala’s agrarian reform program in the 1940s and 1950s

Answer 16

• entailed renting unused land from foreign corporations to landless citizens at a low appraised value
• 1954: US supported the overthrow of Guatemalan gov. because of concern of spread of communism
• ended land reform initiatives but leaving commentators to question

Question 17

What are the ties between cotton production and the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 17

• 19th century
• Produced machines for cotton ginning, spinning, and weaving the increased productive capacity, brought prices down, and put cotton goods within the reach of mass markets

Question 18

Rubber boom

Answer 18

-1900, town of Manaus on the Amazon River
-rubber companies in the Congo Basin in Africa; plantations
Prospered as uses for rubber increased
-23.4million tons, 13.5million< of synthetic

Question 19

Luxury crops

Answer 19

• non-subsistence crops

- tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Question 20

Coffee

Answer 20

• domesticated in the region of present-day Ethiopia
• thrives in Middle and South America where 70% of annual production is harvested
• 2nd most valuable trade commodity in the world
• produced on enormous, foreign-owned plantations where it’s picked by local laborers

Question 21

“Fair trade price” of coffe

Answer 21

-$1.26 per pound (plus bonuses of $0.20 per pound for organic)

Question 22

Tea

Answer 22

• China, Japan, Sri Lanka, India
• from Asian-producing areas to the UK and the rest of Europe and North America
• grown in China 2000yrs ago but became popular in Europe in the 19th century

Question 23

Dairying

Answer 23

-northern margins of the mid latitudes- northeastern US and in northwestern Europe

Question 24

Fruit, crops, and specialized crops

Answer 24

-Eastern and southeastern US; widely dispersed small areas where environments are favorable

Question 25

Mixed livestock and crop farming

Answer 25

-widespread in the more humid parts of the midlatitudes- much of Eastern US, Western Europe, western Russia, Uruguay, Brazil, and South Africa

Question 26

Commercial grain farming

Answer 26

- drier parts of the midlatitudes- southern Prairie provinces of Canada, in the Dakotas, and Montana, Nebraska, Kansas in the US - Ukraine, through Russia into Kazakhstan

Question 27

Livestock ranching

Answer 27

- raising of domesticated animals for production of meat and by-products - US, Canada, Mexico, eastern Brazil and Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, South Africa

Question 28

Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 28

- subsistence crop and livestock ranching, intensive (rice dominant), intensive (wheat/other crops) - southeast Asia - subsistence grain-growing area

Question 29

Mediterranean agriculture

Answer 29

- specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails - along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in parts of California/Oregon, in central Chile, South Africa's cape, southern/southwestern Australia

Question 30

Source plant of cocaine

Answer 30

- grown widely in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia | - over 1/2 of the world's cultivation of cocoa occurs in Colombia alone

Question 31

Agribusiness

Answer 31

- the businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry - connects local farms to a spatially extensive web of production and trade - fosters the spatial concentration of agricultural activities

Question 32

How does John Fraser Hart and Chris Mayda explain the quick change in hog production?

Answer 32

- with statistics: 1992: 31,000 hogs marketed in Texas County; 1996: 2million hogs, 4% of national total - inexpensive water, natural, reasonable price of land and accessibility