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veterinary science 2.1 > agronomy and pasture > Flashcards

agronomy and pasture Flashcards

1
Q

what is perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, fescue, brome, browntop, and kikuyu classified as?

A

grass

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2
Q

what is white clover, red clover, lucerne, and trefoil classified as?

A

a legume

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3
Q

what is chicory, plantain, yarrow and sheep’s burnet classified as?

A

a herb

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4
Q

what is brassica (turnips, kale, swedes, radish), maize, sorghum, millet, and cereal (wheat, oats, barley) classified as?

A

a crop

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5
Q

what lives annual only (from 3-6 months) - grass, legume, herb, crop?

A

crop

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6
Q

what lives between 1-2 years to >5 years - grass, legume, herb, crop?

A

herb

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7
Q

what lives several years to decades - grass, legume, herb, crop?

A

legume

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8
Q

what generally lives for decades, although there are some annual species that live for 8-12 months (and rely on producing seed that then germinates in future years) - grass, legume, herb, crop?

A

grass

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9
Q

what does the term alternative forages refer to?

A

pasture species other than perennial ryegrass and white clover

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10
Q

pasture yield is expressed on a ____ basis?

A

dry matter (DM) basis

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11
Q

Perennial ryegrass and white clover are the most commonly sown (i.e. planted) species in temperate regions of the world, which includes NZ. but specific to NZ hill country pastures, what is the major species?

A

browntop (hills are too hard to replant with p. ryegrass)

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12
Q

what are the three main reasons for growing crop or alternative forages?

A
  • to feed animals during times of pasture shortage
  • to increase animal performance
  • in climatic conditions unsuitable for perennial ryegrass and white clover
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13
Q

Silage and hay, along with other non-pasture feed types, are collectively known as……

A

‘supplements’, since they supplement the pasture that is grown on the farm.

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14
Q

what is “food for grazing animals that is consumed by browsing or grazing; includes pastures and crops?”

A

forage

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15
Q

what is “small plants grown for use by grazing animals, usually ‘permanent’ (last for many years). Includes grasses, legumes and herbs.”

A

pasture

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16
Q

what are “larger plants that are grown to feed grazing animals. Short lived”

A

crops

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17
Q

what are non-pasture feed types that are fed to supplement the pasture that is grown on the farm?

A

supplements

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18
Q

Which are the most commonly grown temperate pasture species?

A

perennial ryegrass and white clover

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19
Q

which is not conserved forage - fresh pasture, turnip crop, silage, hay, molasses?

A

fresh pasture, turnip crop, molasses

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20
Q

The optimum temperature for overall growth and function of temperate pasture species is between….

A

13 to 25 decrees C (lower limit ~5 degrees C, upper limit ~35 degrees C)

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21
Q

The overall yield of pasture on an annual basis is mostly driven by…..

A

temperature (with rainfall also playing a role)

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22
Q

On NZ farms, what is consumption of home-grown feed a major driver of - productivity, sustainability, efficiency, profitability?

A

profitability

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23
Q

a typical pattern of pasture growth in NZ would be highest in ______ and lowest in _______?

A

highest in spring, lowest in winter

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24
Q

There are four broad objectives to implementing grazing management on farm, and these are…..

A
  1. production
  2. persistance
  3. nutritive value
  4. high consumption of pasture by stock
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25
Q

The two most important aspects to grazing management are…

A
  • rotation (how often grazing occurs)
  • residual (how much of the plant is left after grazing)
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26
Q

At a very basic level, pasture production or yield is a product of the three following:

A
  1. Tiller density (which is influenced directly by grazing rotation and residual, along with nitrogen)
  2. Number of leaves per tiller (which is determined by grazing rotation)
  3. Leaf size (which is influenced directly by nitrogen, along with grazing rotation and residual)
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27
Q

what are non structural carbohydrates?

A

carbohydrates (sugars) produced by photosynthesis

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28
Q

what is a tiller?

A

the functional unit of a pasture grass, the stem of a plant

29
Q

what are the carbohydrate energy reserves?

A

non-structural carbohydrates that are stored in the bottom 4 cm of the plant stem

30
Q

what is residual?

A

how much of the plant remains after grazing, reflecting how hard or closely a paddock was grazed

31
Q

what is rotation?

A

how often grazing occurs, reflecting the rest period that plants receive between consecutive grazings

32
Q

what is the s-shaped curve that describes the regrowth of pasture following grazing?

A

sigmoidal curve

33
Q

how many leaves does a perennial ryegrass tiller typically maintain?

A

3

34
Q

during spring time, is the sigmoidal growth curve steeper, the same or flatter than usual?

A

steeper

35
Q

Most plants store their energy reserves in:
- The top 4cm of the plant?
- The bottom 4cm of the plant?
- Underground in their root system?
- Above the plant?

A

in the bottom 4cm of the plant

36
Q

what nutrient is the highest concentration in plant material?

A

nitrogen

37
Q

what is the immediate effect of nitrogen on pastures?

A

stimulate leaf growth, making them longer and wider (and darker green, N is stored in the chlorophyl)

38
Q

nitrogen is a growth…

A

multiplier - it can’t create growth from nothing

39
Q

signs of nitrogen deficiency in pasture?

A

yellow/lime green colour apart from darker green urine patches

40
Q

when pasture growth is slow, response to N will be low or high?

A

low and take a longer time, compared with when pasture growth is fast.

41
Q

true or false - The N content of pastures often exceeds animal requirements in early stages of regrowth (i.e. soon after grazing), and then because of the dilution effect, becomes a better-balanced feed for ruminants as regrowth progresses.

A

true

42
Q

what is a measure of N in plants, achieved by multiplying N % by 6.25, used as one measure of nutritive value?

A

crude protein

43
Q

what is the decline in leaf N concentration with regrowth?

A

dilution effect

44
Q

what is the uptake of nitrogen and potassium in pasture plants, which is in excess of what they need for immediate growth?

A

Luxury uptake of nutrients

45
Q

The addition of nitrogen fertiliser makes plant leaves longer, wider, darker green or all of the above?

A

all of the above

46
Q

Nitrogen fertiliser is a growth………?

A

multiplier

47
Q

‘Luxury uptake’ of minerals occurs in pastures with the minerals nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen and sulphur, sulphur and potassium, or nitrogen and potassium?

A

nitrogen and potassium

48
Q

Pasture ME is highest in winter and lowest in summer, and this is driven by….?

A

fibre

49
Q

when is pasture crude protein (CP) low?

A

winter - due to lower pasture growth rates and nitrogen being low as it’s washed out of the soil by higher levels of rain

50
Q

Metabolisable energy?

A

energy value of pasture

51
Q

Rising plate meter?

A

calibrated tool used to measure pasture yield, is calibrated based on height and density of pasture

52
Q

Sward stick?

A

ruler used to estimate pasture yield

53
Q

What units are used to describe pasture yield?

A

kg DM/ha

54
Q

What units are used to describe pasture nutritive value?

A

MJ ME/kg DM

55
Q

What is ME (metabolisable energy) derived from - digestibility, protein, sugars, fibre or fat?

A

digestibility

56
Q

what is digestibility mostly driven by - protein, sugars, fibre, fat?

A

fibre

57
Q

what does agist mean?

A

pay another farmer to graze your animals on their farm for a period of time

58
Q

what does defer graze mean?

A

graze the pasture later than usual, when it is more mature

59
Q

what is topping?

A

cutting excess pasture with a mower

60
Q

what is capital stock?

A

breeding stock (i.e. female cattle/sheep/goats/deer and males to breed with them)

61
Q

what is non capital stock?

A

non breeding stock

62
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

how many animals can be fed from home-grown forages

63
Q

what is stocking density?

A

the number of animals in an area at any point in time

64
Q

what is stocking rate?

A

an expression of the carrying capacity of a farm

65
Q

what is stock reconciliation/stock rec?

A

stocking rate calculated at a set time of year, usually at the end of the financial year (30 June)

66
Q

what is a stock unit?

A

expression of stocking rate for sheep, beef cattle and deer farms, equivalent to one 55 kg ewe rearing one lamb

67
Q

The statement ‘set stocking is the most commonly used grazing system in New Zealand’ is true or false?

A

false

68
Q
A

veterinary science 2.1 (19 decks)

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