ai deck Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What is the ethnographic method?
A
Long-term, immersive participant observation used to understand cultures inductively and from the ground up.
2
Q
How does anthropology differ from ethnography?
A
Anthropology must go beyond ethnography to include theory, comparison, and critique; ethnography is a method, not the discipline.
3
Q
What does decolonizing the canon mean?
A
Challenges Eurocentrism and androcentrism by introducing non-Western and female voices into the sociological tradition.
4
Q
What is the classical canon in sociology?
A
Classical theorists form a common reference framework that fosters theoretical debate and identity in sociology.
5
Q
What is sociological imagination?
A
Understanding how personal troubles are linked to public issues and historical contexts.
6
Q
What does the historical development of sociology trace?
A
Sociology’s evolution through intellectual currents like Marxism, functionalism, and phenomenology.
7
Q
How does sociology serve as self-defense?
A
Sociology equips dominated groups to resist symbolic violence and understand social power structures.
8
Q
Why is social thought contextual?
A
Theories must be understood within the social and historical milieu of their time.
9
Q
What is Islamic sociology?
A
Advocates sociology rooted in Islamic principles, emphasizing community (ummah) and Quranic sources.
10
Q
What is the sociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills?
A
The capacity to link individual biographies with historical and structural contexts, revealing how personal troubles connect to public issues.
11
Q
What does contested knowledge in the postmodern era signify?
A
Challenges universal truths in theory, asserting that knowledge is situated, plural, and shaped by power.
12
Q
What is revolutionary Islam?
A
Advocates for a politically active and transformative Islam (‘Red Shi’ism’) that resists passive clericalism.
13
Q
What does re-reading classical sociological theory involve?
A
Using classical sociological theories to interpret contemporary issues, making foundational texts relevant today.
14
Q
What are the functions of the classics in sociology?
A
Classical theorists serve crucial roles such as framing questions, offering metaphors, and unifying sociological discourse.
15
Q
What is a literature review?
A
A structured synthesis of existing research, involving the collection, analysis, and organization of scholarly sources on a topic.
16
Q
What is Begriffsgeschichte?
A
Studies how core political and social terms change meaning over time, reflecting historical transformations.
17
Q
What is a paradigm shift?
A
Scientific progress occurs through crises and revolutions that replace one dominant paradigm with another.
18
Q
What distinguishes qualitative research from quantitative research?
A
Qualitative research uses rich, contextual methods (e.g., interviews, observation) to explore meanings and experiences.
19
Q
What is multi-sited ethnography?
A
A research approach that traces people, objects, or ideas across multiple locations in a globalized world.
20
Q
What contrasts qualitative and quantitative research approaches?
A
Contrasts objective, numeric-focused quantitative methods with interpretive, context-rich qualitative approaches.
21
Q
What does the concept of a native anthropologist challenge?
A
Challenges insider/outsider binary; stresses fluid researcher identity and reflexivity.
22
Q
What is digital ethnography?
A
Applies ethnographic methods to online contexts, recognizing digital spaces as real sites of cultural interaction.
23
Q
What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
A
Encourages understanding cultures on their own terms rather than judging from one’s own perspective.
24
Q
What is the research process in sociology?
A
Emphasizes a systematic approach to designing, conducting, and analyzing social research across various methods.
25
What is documentary research?
Uses documents (e.g. newspapers, archives) as data, stressing critical evaluation of source authenticity and meaning.
26
What does uniplexity vs. multiplexity describe?
Multiplexity describes layered social reality (spiritual/material, individual/collective) and critiques reductionist methods.
27
What is oral history?
Uses personal memories as historical evidence, giving voice to marginalized groups and challenging archival silence.
28
What does Hayy ibn Yaqzan explore?
Explores autodidactic enlightenment; the idea that isolated reason can lead to truth without society or revelation.
29
What is double consciousness?
Describes the dual awareness African Americans experience—seeing themselves through their own eyes and through a racist society’s gaze.
30
What distinguishes mechanical from organic solidarity?
Mechanical solidarity binds traditional societies via shared norms; organic solidarity binds modern societies via specialized interdependence.
31
What types of suicide did Durkheim identify?
Identifies four types of suicide based on levels of integration and regulation, introducing anomie as normlessness in modern life.
32
What is collective effervescence?
Religion emerges from rituals that distinguish sacred from profane, uniting society through collective emotional energy.
33
What is the civilizing process?
Traces how external social constraints (etiquette, norms) become internalized as self-discipline over time.
34
What is dramaturgy in sociology?
Social life is like theater; people perform roles in everyday interactions to manage others' perceptions using scripts, settings, and props.
35
What is cultural hegemony?
Ruling classes maintain power not only through coercion but by securing consent via civil institutions that naturalize dominant ideologies.
36
What does autodidactic enlightenment illustrate?
Allegorical tale showing how reason alone, without teacher or scripture, can lead to knowledge of the natural and divine order.
37
What does 'asabiyyah refer to?
'Asabiyyah (Social Cohesion) describes how group solidarity drives the rise and fall of dynasties.
38
What is alliance theory in kinship?
Kinship systems form through reciprocal marriage exchanges that create social bonds and alliances beyond blood ties.
39
What does alienation mean in Marx's context?
Under capitalism, workers are alienated from their labor, products, human essence, and others, causing self-estrangement and disempowerment.
40
What does class forces in history analyze?
Analyzes how class divisions and historical conditions enabled Napoleon III's rise.
41
What is the main idea of the Communist Manifesto?
History is driven by class conflict; capitalism produces its own gravediggers (proletariat), who must unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
42
What does Aldon D. Morris argue about W. E. B. Du Bois?
Argues that Du Bois pioneered empirical sociology and race studies, but was excluded from the canon due to systemic racism.
43
What does jahiliyya mean in Sayyid Qutb's context?
Modern society is in a state of ignorance (jahiliyya); a devout vanguard must restore true Islam and God's sovereignty.
44
What does classical sociological theory summarize?
Synthesizes foundational concepts from classical theorists to show how their insights remain central to analyzing modern social life.
45
What does postmodern social theory highlight?
Highlights ideas like hyperreality, deconstruction, and fragmented identity; critiques grand narratives and emphasizes plurality and irony in social analysis.
46
What is orientalism in the context of power?
Western depictions of the East served colonial interests, constructing the Orient as inferior to justify domination.
47
What does individuality and social form explore?
Individual identity is shaped by social forms; modern urban life fosters both uniqueness and detachment within patterned interactions.
48
What does Spivak's 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' argue?
Argues that the subaltern is structurally silenced in both imperial and academic discourse.
49
What is the immanent frame in modernity?
Modernity shifted belief into a choice within a secular, naturalistic frame; even religious life is shaped by secular reason and pluralism.
50
What does patrimonialism in Islam critique?
Revisits Weber’s claim that Islamic societies lacked the rationalization needed for capitalism.
51
What is the core-periphery world-system?
Modern capitalism is a global system structured by core, periphery, and semi-periphery regions, generating wealth through unequal exchange and exploitation.
52
What does the critique of the Muslim subaltern address?
Builds on Spivak to question how Muslim voices are silenced or distorted in colonial and academic discourse.
53
What is theoretical pluralism in sociology?
Surveys diverse sociological paradigms (e.g. functionalism, conflict theory, feminism, postmodernism), emphasizing no dominant framework but a plural set of tools.
54
What is the ethnographic method?
Long-term, immersive participant observation used to understand cultures inductively and from the ground up.
## Footnote
This method emphasizes deep engagement with the community being studied.
55
How does anthropology differ from ethnography?
Anthropology must go beyond ethnography to include theory, comparison, and critique; ethnography is a method, not the discipline.
## Footnote
Anthropology encompasses broader theoretical frameworks and critiques.
56
What does decolonizing the canon involve?
Challenges Eurocentrism and androcentrism by introducing non-Western and female voices into the sociological tradition.
## Footnote
This approach seeks to diversify the perspectives within sociological discourse.
57
What is the classical canon in sociology?
Classical theorists form a common reference framework that fosters theoretical debate and identity in sociology.
## Footnote
These theorists include figures like Durkheim, Marx, and Weber.
58
Define sociological imagination.
Understanding how personal troubles are linked to public issues and historical contexts.
## Footnote
This concept was popularized by C. Wright Mills.
59
What is the focus of historical development in sociology?
Traces sociology’s evolution through intellectual currents like Marxism, functionalism, and phenomenology.
## Footnote
This historical perspective helps contextualize contemporary sociological theories.
60
What is sociology's role as self-defense?
Equips dominated groups to resist symbolic violence and understand social power structures.
## Footnote
This perspective is often associated with Pierre Bourdieu's work.
61
What does it mean to understand social thought in context?
Theories must be understood within the social and historical milieu of their time.
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of context in evaluating sociological theories.
62
What is Islamic sociology?
Advocates sociology rooted in Islamic principles, emphasizing community (ummah) and Quranic sources.
## Footnote
This approach seeks to integrate religious values with sociological inquiry.
63
What is the significance of oral history in sociology?
Uses personal memories as historical evidence, giving voice to marginalized groups and challenging archival silence.
## Footnote
Oral history emphasizes the importance of individual narratives in understanding the past.
64
Define double consciousness.
Describes the dual awareness African Americans experience—seeing themselves through their own eyes and through a racist society’s gaze.
## Footnote
This concept was developed by W.E.B. Du Bois.
65
What are mechanical and organic solidarity?
Mechanical solidarity binds traditional societies via shared norms; organic solidarity binds modern societies via specialized interdependence.
## Footnote
This distinction is key in Durkheim's analysis of societal cohesion.
66
What is anomie according to Durkheim?
Introduces normlessness in modern life linked to low levels of social integration and regulation.
## Footnote
Anomie can lead to various social problems, including increased suicide rates.
67
What is collective effervescence?
Religion emerges from rituals that distinguish sacred from profane, uniting society through collective emotional energy.
## Footnote
This concept is central to understanding Durkheim's view of religious practices.
68
What does the civilizing process entail?
Traces how external social constraints (etiquette, norms) become internalized as self-discipline over time.
## Footnote
This concept was developed by Norbert Elias.
69
What is dramaturgy in sociology?
Social life is like theater; people perform roles in everyday interactions to manage others' perceptions using scripts, settings, and props.
## Footnote
This concept is associated with Erving Goffman's work.
70
Define cultural hegemony.
Ruling classes maintain power not only through coercion but by securing consent via civil institutions that naturalize dominant ideologies.
## Footnote
This idea is closely linked to Antonio Gramsci's theories.
71
What is autodidactic enlightenment?
Allegorical tale showing how reason alone, without teacher or scripture, can lead to knowledge of the natural and divine order.
## Footnote
This concept is illustrated in Ibn Tufayl's work 'Hayy ibn Yaqzan.'
72
What is 'asabiyyah in Ibn Khaldun's theory?
Group solidarity drives the rise and fall of dynasties; strong 'asabiyyah fosters power, while its decline leads to social decay.
## Footnote
This concept emphasizes the importance of social cohesion in political dynamics.
73
What is the significance of kinship systems according to Lévi-Strauss?
Kinship systems form through reciprocal marriage exchanges that create social bonds and alliances beyond blood ties.
## Footnote
This perspective is foundational to understanding social structures in various cultures.
74
What does alienation mean in Marx's theory?
Under capitalism, workers are alienated from their labor, products, human essence, and others, causing self-estrangement and disempowerment.
## Footnote
This concept critiques the impact of capitalism on human relationships.
75
What does the Communist Manifesto argue about class struggle?
History is driven by class conflict; capitalism produces its own gravediggers (proletariat), who must unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
## Footnote
This text is foundational to Marxist theory and revolutionary thought.
76
What is the role of ideology in reproducing capitalism?
Institutions such as schools, churches, and media reproduce capitalist relations by inculcating ideology in subjects.
## Footnote
This concept is explored by Louis Althusser in his analysis of ideological state apparatuses.
77
What does the concept of imagined communities refer to?
Nations are socially constructed communities, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of them.
## Footnote
This idea is articulated by Benedict Anderson.
78
What is hyperreality?
In postmodern culture, reality is blurred with simulation, leading to a condition where the distinction between reality and representation collapses.
## Footnote
This concept is central to Jean Baudrillard's critiques of contemporary society.
79
What is the definition of Secularism according to Talal Asad?
Secularism is not neutral but historically Christian; critiques its assumptions and effects in shaping religious discourse.
## Footnote
Asad emphasizes the historical context of secularism, arguing that it is intertwined with Christian influences.
80
What are the three aspects of Multiple Secularities as defined by José Casanova?
The secular as condition, process, and ideology.
## Footnote
This framework reassesses the role of religion in public life.
81
Define Hyperreality as described by Jean Baudrillard.
In postmodern culture, reality is replaced by simulations and signs that refer only to themselves.
## Footnote
This concept erases the distinction between the real and representation.
82
What does Malik Bennabi argue is the cause of cultural underdevelopment in Muslim societies?
Loss of creative energy and dependence on external models.
## Footnote
Bennabi emphasizes the need for civilizational renewal.
83
What foundational approaches are introduced in Qualitative Inquiry by Bruce Lawrence & Howard Lune?
Interviews, ethnography, case studies, and thematic analysis.
## Footnote
These methods provide essential tools for qualitative research.
84
What is Social Constructionism as defined by Peter L. Berger & Thomas Luckmann?
Reality is created and maintained through social processes, especially habitualized interactions and institutionalization.
## Footnote
This theory highlights the role of social contexts in shaping our understanding of reality.
85
What does Ethnographic Technique encompass according to Russell Bernard?
Participant observation, structured interviewing, and comparative analysis.
## Footnote
These methods are crucial for anthropological fieldwork.
86
Summarize Marxist Theory as outlined by T.B. Bottomore.
Applies Marx’s historical materialism, class struggle, and critiques of capitalism within sociological analysis.
## Footnote
This theory focuses on the socio-economic factors influencing societal structures.
87
What do Sociological Traditions trace according to T.B. Bottomore & Robert Nisbet?
Key debates and intellectual trajectories within classical and modern sociological theory.
## Footnote
This work highlights the evolution of sociological thought.
88
Explain the concepts of Habitus and Field as introduced by Pierre Bourdieu.
Habitus, capital, and field explain how social practices reproduce structures through embodied dispositions.
## Footnote
These concepts are essential for understanding social dynamics.
89
What is Capital Conversion according to Pierre Bourdieu?
Capital exists in economic, cultural, social, and symbolic forms; power stems from converting between them within social fields.
## Footnote
This highlights the interrelation of different forms of capital in social life.
90
What are Movement Theories as surveyed by Steven M. Buechler?
Resource mobilization, political process, and new social movement theory.
## Footnote
These frameworks provide insights into collective action.
91
Define Reflexive Sociology as advocated by Michael Burawoy.
Using cases to extend theory by situating micro-level ethnography in relation to macro-level structures.
## Footnote
This approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of individual and societal phenomena.
92
What is the concept of Performativity according to Judith Butler?
Gender is not a stable identity but a series of acts; critiques binary frameworks and foundationalism in gender theory.
## Footnote
This theory challenges traditional views of gender as fixed.
93
What does Discursive Formation refer to in Talal Asad's work?
How modern concepts of religion are shaped by Western discourse, power, and colonial epistemologies.
## Footnote
This analysis critiques the Western-centric understanding of religion.
94
Differentiate between Tactics and Strategies as defined by Michel de Certeau.
Everyday people resist institutional power through subtle practices and appropriations within structured environments.
## Footnote
This concept highlights the agency of individuals in navigating power dynamics.
95
What is Postcolonial Historicism as defined by Dipesh Chakrabarty?
Challenges the universalizing narratives of European modernity and calls for plural temporalities in historiography.
## Footnote
This critique promotes a more inclusive understanding of history.
96
What does Partha Chatterjee critique in Postcolonial Nationalism?
Nationalist discourse in postcolonial states reproduces colonial hierarchies while creating a hybrid political modernity.
## Footnote
This analysis emphasizes the complexities of national identity in postcolonial contexts.
97
What are Binary Oppositions in Structural Anthropology as proposed by Claude Lévi-Strauss?
Human cultures are structured by universal patterns in myths, kinship, and language.
## Footnote
This concept reveals underlying dualities in cultural expressions.
98
Define Civilizational Sociology as proposed by Recep Şentürk.
A tripartite framework of relationality, horizontal and vertical pluralism to study Islamic and global societies.
## Footnote
This framework aims to understand the complexities of civilizational dynamics.
99
What is the Sociological Imagination according to C. Wright Mills?
The ability to link personal troubles to public issues by situating biography within historical and social contexts.
## Footnote
This concept encourages critical thinking about the interplay of individual experiences and societal structures.
100
What does Racial Alienation refer to in Frantz Fanon's work?
The psychological effects of colonization and the internalization of whiteness among the colonized.
## Footnote
This analysis explores the deep-seated impacts of colonialism on identity.
101
What is the Discourse of Othering as critiqued by Edward Said?
Western representations of the East as a discursive construction used to justify domination and colonialism.
## Footnote
This critique highlights the power dynamics embedded in cultural representations.
102
Define Hybridity as explained by Homi Bhabha.
Cultural identity is formed through in-between spaces of colonial encounter, creating ambivalence and hybrid subjectivities.
## Footnote
This concept underscores the fluidity of identity in postcolonial contexts.
103
What does Subaltern Silencing refer to in Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's work?
Colonial and academic structures prevent true representation of the subaltern, reinforcing epistemic violence.
## Footnote
This critique emphasizes the challenges faced by marginalized voices in discourse.
104
What is Biopower as defined by Michel Foucault?
Power is productive, managing populations through knowledge of bodies, sexuality, and life itself.
## Footnote
This concept explores the relationship between power and social regulation.
105
What does Actor-Network Theory challenge according to Bruno Latour?
The separation of nature and society; humans and nonhumans form networks of agency.
## Footnote
This theory emphasizes the interconnectedness of social and material elements.
106
Define Panopticism as described by Michel Foucault.
Modern power operates through surveillance, normalization, and discipline rather than overt violence.
## Footnote
This concept illustrates the subtle mechanisms of social control.
107
What is Liquid Modernity as described by Zygmunt Bauman?
A postmodern condition of constant change, instability, and individualization in contrast to 'solid' modern structures.
## Footnote
This analysis reflects on the challenges of contemporary social life.
108
What does Plural Modernities refer to in Shmuel Eisenstadt's concept?
Modernity is not a single Western trajectory but takes diverse cultural and historical forms globally.
## Footnote
This perspective calls for a broader understanding of modernity.
109
What is Structuration Theory as defined by Anthony Giddens?
Social practices are recursively produced through the duality of structure and agency.
## Footnote
This theory emphasizes the dynamic relationship between individual actions and social structures.
110
What characterizes the Risk Society as outlined by Ulrich Beck?
Late modernity is characterized by manufactured risks (not goods) and the transformation of institutions and identities.
## Footnote
This concept highlights the new challenges faced in contemporary society.
111
What is the Civilizing Process according to Norbert Elias?
Long-term changes in manners and state formation led to increased self-regulation and interdependence in Western Europe.
## Footnote
This analysis traces the evolution of social norms and behaviors.
112
What does Decolonizing Sociology refer to in Raewyn Connell's work?
Recognition of social theory from the Global South as valid and necessary for global sociology.
## Footnote
This perspective advocates for inclusivity in sociological discourse.
113
Define the Matrix of Domination as proposed by Patricia Hill Collins.
Interlocking systems of oppression—race, gender, and class—shape the experiences and knowledge of Black women.
## Footnote
This concept illustrates the complexities of identity and oppression.
114
What is Categorical Inequality as defined by Charles Tilly?
Inequality persists because social categories are reproduced through organizational practices and social closure.
## Footnote
This highlights the structural aspects of inequality.
115
What is World-Systems Theory as outlined by Immanuel Wallerstein?
Global capitalism is organized into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions linked by unequal economic exchange.
## Footnote
This theory provides a framework for understanding global economic dynamics.
116
What does Eurocentrism critique as defined by Samir Amin?
The ideological dominance of European historical narratives and their universalist claims about modernity.
## Footnote
This critique calls for a reevaluation of historical narratives.
117
What is Cognitive Justice as proposed by Boaventura de Sousa Santos?
Advocates for the inclusion of non-Western knowledges in global epistemological debates and institutional practices.
## Footnote
This concept emphasizes the value of diverse knowledge systems.
118
What is the Social Production of Space as defined by Henri Lefebvre?
Space is not a neutral container but is socially produced through political, economic, and symbolic practices.
## Footnote
Lefebvre distinguishes between perceived, conceived, and lived space.
119
What does Disalienation through Islamic Consciousness refer to in Ali Shariati's work?
A return to an authentic Islamic self as a response to Western cultural imperialism and spiritual alienation.
## Footnote
Shariati emphasizes self-awareness as a revolutionary act.
120
What does Education as Liberation mean according to W.E.B. Du Bois?
True freedom for African Americans requires access to liberal arts education that cultivates critical thought, moral leadership, and historical consciousness.
## Footnote
This perspective positions education as essential for racial uplift and civic agency.
121
What is the Critique of Geertz’s Definition of Religion by Talal Asad?
Asad critiques Geertz’s symbolic definition for assuming a universal essence of religion, arguing it decontextualizes religion from power and historical specificity.
## Footnote
For Asad, religion is shaped by institutions and practices within Western secular modernity.
122
What does the Fusion of Horizons describe according to Hans-Georg Gadamer?
The dialogical process through which understanding occurs by merging the interpreter’s historical perspective with that of the text or other.
## Footnote
This process is not relativism but a reflexive openness to transformation.
