Aims, Opposition And Features Of The New Deal Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
What were the 3Rs of Roosevelt’s aims for the new deal
A
- Recovery
- Relief
- Reform
2
Q
Describe how recovery was brought about by new deals
A
- farmers incomes grew again
- banks reopened + were stable
- unemployment fell by 3 million
(from 15 million in 1933, 25% of the population)
3
Q
Shortcomings of recovery from the new deals
A
- unemployment didn’t return to the pre-crash levels in 1929
- 1929, unemployment was just 3.2%
- 1939, unemployment was 17.2%
- decrease from 25% in 1933, but still
- farmers incomes weren’t as high as pre-crash either
4
Q
What % of Americans were unemployed in 1929
A
3.2% unemployed
5
Q
What number and % of Americans were unemployed in 1933
A
- 15 million unemployed
- 25% of Americans
6
Q
What % of Americans were unemployed by 1939
A
17.2%
7
Q
How was relief brought about by new deal
A
- works progress administration :
- provided jobs for unemployed in various projects
- social security act :
- created federal pensions scheme + unemployment insurance
- 35% of people received governmental relief
8
Q
What % of people received governmental relief
A
35%
9
Q
What were some shortcomings of relief in the new deal
A
- relief varied between states
- some people needed more money
- some needed houses to live in
10
Q
What was mainly addressed in first new deal
A
- recovery
- relief
11
Q
What was mainly addressed in second new deal
A
- reform
12
Q
How was reform brought about in the new deals (basically only second new deal anyways)
A
- social security act:
- federal pensions scheme
- unemployment insurance
- Wagner act:
- gave workers the right to join unions
- protected workers + unions legally
- rural electrification:
- rural people could get loans to have access to electricity
- utility companies received loans to extend electrical grids
- banking reforms, banking act 1935:
- board of governors
- centralized + stabilized banks
- decreased + regulated the power of banks
13
Q
Reform shortcomings following new deals
A
- still a large gap between:
- rich + poor
- men + women (in terms of job opportunities + pay)
- black + white people
14
Q
2 features of Supreme Court opposition to the new deal
A
- Supreme Court closed alphabet agencies
- FDR tried to pack the court + get a majority
15
Q
Why did Supreme Court closed alphabet agencies agencies
A
- justices were against FDR
- claiming that alphabet agencies were unconstitutional
16
Q
Why did justices against FDR say that alphabet agencies were unconstitutional
A
- as they took away power of state governments
- federal government + FDR was too powerful
17
Q
Which alphabet agencies were shut and when
A
- 1935, NIRA + NRA
- 1936, AAA
18
Q
Why was NRA (NIRA too as a result ended) deemed unconstitutional
A
- Schechter Poultry Corp v United States Supreme Court case
shut because:
- it gave FDR too much power
- unconstitutional for federal government to regulate intrastate commerce (commerce between states)
19
Q
Why was AAA deemed unconstitutional
A
Butler v US
Shut because:
- agriculture was a state matter
- not to be controlled by state government
20
Q
When did FDR try to pack the court
A
1937
21
Q
Why did FDR try to pack the court
A
- judges kept shutting down or rejecting alphabet agencies
- irritated FDR
22
Q
What did FDR want to do to pack court
A
- 1937, asked congress to add 6 more justices to Supreme Court
- justices who would support him
- majority in Supreme Court
- seen as dictatorial
23
Q
What was the reaction to the court packing scandal
A
- FDR seemed dictatorial
- dems lost seats in the mid-term elections
24
Q
Did congress accept fdr’s court packing proposal
A
No
25
2 existing judges began backing FDR, which gave him a majority in the Supreme Court
//
26
2 features of republican opposition to the new deal
1. Disagreed with higher taxes
2. Disagreed with high government involvement + power
27
Why did GOP dislike FDR
thought he:
- was gaining too much power
- spending too much money
28
Why did GOP not agree with high spending
- they disagreed with raising taxes
- GOP ideology of laissez-faire + low taxes
29
2 features of 100 days
1. Roosevelt set out to restore the economy
2. Increased support for himself in ‘fireside chats’
30
How did Roosevelt restore economy in his first 100 days
- used money to create jobs
- emergency banking act
4 day bank holiday
31
What did emergency banking act do
- 4 day bank holiday
- only secured banks were re-opened
- rebuilt public confidence in banks
- ended banking crisis
32
How long was the bank holiday declared by FDR
4 days
33
2 features of fireside chats
1. Built trust + confidence
2. Direct communication with public
34
What were the chats like
- FDR would explain laws + agencies
- using simple, warm language
35
How were the fireside chats heard
- radio
36
How did fireside chats build confidence
- he would simply reassure + explain policies
- calming national fears
(Like for the emergency banking act)
- this encouraged people to start depositing savings again
37
How were fireside chats direct + personal
- FDR bypassed media (like newspapers) + political opponents
- by speaking directly to people on the radio
- tone was friendly + informal
- like speaking to a friend by the fireplace
- 60 million people listened to these broadcasts
38
How many fireside chats were there
30 fireside chats
39
Why were fireside chats called ‘fireside chats’
- friendly, informal tone
- like speaking to a friend by the fireplace
40
How many people listened to the fireside chat broadcasts
60 million people
41
2 key features of the liberty league
1. Opposed new deal
2. Funded + led by wealthy business leaders + politicians
42
Why did liberty league not like new deal
- gave workers too much power
- improved conditions for workers too (better pay, Wagner let them join unions)
- welfare programs like WPA + social security act
- employers of 8+ people had to pay a tax
(For unemployment insurance fund)
43
Why did wealthy businessmen and politicians fund the liberty league
- seen as representing elite business interests
44
When was liberty league formed
1934
45
what did league believe about the new eal
- expanded federal power too far
- unconstitutional
- threatened individual liberty
46
2 features of Huey long
1. He believed that new deal wasn’t doing enough
2. Started the Share Our Wealth Campaign
47
Who was Huey long
- senator of Louisiana
48
Which state was Huey Long the senator of
Louisiana
49
Who did Huey long appeal to
Poor and working class
50
Why did Huey long critics the NRA
- said it was controlled by big business
51
Why was AAA criticized by Huey Long
- said it was leaving poor farmers homeless
52
What did Huey long think about the social security act
- thought it didn’t go far enough
- too big a gap between rich + poor
- too many poor
53
When was the share our wealth programme campaign set up
Founded in 1934
54
2 features of the share our wealth programme
1. Gained a lot of support from the working class
2. Proposed high taxes on the rich (redistribution of wealth)
55
What did the share our wealth programme propose
- fortunes to be capped at $5 million
- annual incomes capped at $1 million/year
- rest of the money someone earned would be taxed
- redistributed to fund social programs
- every family was guaranteed an income + a home
56
How much was it proposed for personal fortunes to be capped at
$5 million
57
How much was it proposed for annual incomes to be capped at
$1 million a year
58
How much was proposed for each family
$2500 a year
- free healthcare, housing, education and pensions
59
What was proposed on top of the $2500 a year universal income by the share our wealth programme
- free:
- healthcare
- housing
- education
- pensions
60
How many members did the share our wealth programme clubs have by 1935
7 million members
61
Huey long was seen as a serious political rival to FDR until his assassination in 1935
//
62
How many votes was Huey Long projected at before his assassination in 1935
4 million votes
63
When was Huey long assassinated
1935
64
How many members did liberty league have at its peak
150,000 members
65
When did liberty close and why
- closed in 1940
- FDR had majority in Supreme Court
- because many conservative justices died/retired (1937-41)
- so no point in protesting
66
By 1941 how many of the 9 Supreme Court justices had been appointed by FDR
7 out of 9
67
2 features of father coughlin
1. Spread his messages on the new deal
2. Set up the national union for social justice
68
Who was father coughlin
- catholic priest
- from Detroit
69
What were father coughlin’s sermons broadcasted on
Radio
70
How many listeners did Father Coughlin’s sermons have
30 million listeners
71
Father Coughlin’s opinions were taken seriously by politicians + public
//
72
Father Coughlin initially supported New Deal, boosting votes for FDR
//
73
2 key features of the national union for social justice
1. Criticised big banks and blamed them for Great Depression
2. Advocated for wealth redistribution
74
What did coughlin argue
- powerful groups manipulated economy
- exploiting ordinary Americans
75
What did the national union for social justice campaign call for
- reforms to banking system
76
Many struggling Americans who rely betrayed by political class resonated with father Coughlin’s stance and the NUSJ campaign
//
77
What key policies did NUSJ support
- nationalizing key industries
(Like banks + utilities)
