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PPL 1 > Aircraft Systems > Flashcards

Aircraft Systems Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Classification of 2 engine types

A

Cylinder arrangement, radial, inline, vtype, opposed
Operating cycle, 2 or 4
Cooling, air or liquid

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2
Q

Fixed pitch prop

A

Climb vs cruise prop, low vs high pitch
Some engines have shaft geared
Tachometer in rpm engine and prop

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3
Q

Adjustable pitch prop

A

Constant speed prop most common, maintains constant rpm despite air load
Most efficient
2 controlls: throttle for power output and prop for engine rpm

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4
Q

Constant speed prop governor maintains set rpm

A

Increase in airspeed or decrease in prop load causes prop angle to increase to maintain rpm
Decrease in airspeed or increase in prop load causes prop angle to decrease

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5
Q

Manifold pressure gauge

A

Absolute pressure of fuel-air mixture inside intake manifold
Color coded indicating engine ops range

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6
Q

Change manifold pressure and rpm in this order to avoid engine overstress

A

Reduce manifold pressure before rpm
Increase rpm before increasing manifold
Radial engines: minimize ops time at max rpm and manifold pressures

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7
Q

2 induction systems

A
  1. Carburetor mixes fuel and air before intake manifold
  2. Fuel injection mixes fuel and air immediately before each cylinder or injects fuel into cylinder
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8
Q

Types of carburetors

A

Flow type
Pressure type

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9
Q

Float type carburetor

A

Outside air through filter through venturi = narrow throat in carb
Low pressure area created forcing fuel to flow through main fuel jet at throat. Fuel then flows into airstream, mixed with air, drawn into intake manifold and combustion chamber

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10
Q

Float type disadvantages

A

Bad with abrupt maneuvers
Discharge of fuel at low pressure leads to incomplete vaporization
Icing tendency

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11
Q

Mixture Control

A

Full rich at sea level
Lower air density at altitude requires reduction in fuel density
Otherwise carbon build up occurs due to incomplete combustion causing loss of power
Increase mixture when descending
Monitor engine temp or exhaust gas temp

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12
Q

Carboator icing

A

Due to fuel vaporization and decrease in air pressure in venturi
Below 70F and above 80% humidity
Notice vibration, engine roughness
Use carboator heat to counter, will reduce engine power, use for a few min to melt ice

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13
Q

Temperature gauges

A

For outside air and carburetor air temp

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14
Q

Fuel injection system components

A

Engine driving fuel pump for after engine start
Fuel air control unit
Fuel manifold
Discharge nozzles
Auxiliary fuel pump for engine start
Fuel pressure/flow indicators

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15
Q

Fuel injection advantages

A

Reducing evaporation icing
Better fuel flow
Faster throttle response
Precise control of mixture
Better fuel distribution
Easier cold weather starts

Disadvantages
Difficulty starting hot engine, during hot days or restarting

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16
Q

Superchargers and Turbosuperchargers

A

Increase air pressure running through engine and therefor increase service ceiling of aircraft

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17
Q

Supercharger

A

Uses engine driven air compressor
1, 2 or variable speed
One or more stages
Intake air passes through ducts to carburetor, fuel-air charge ducted to supercharger blower impeller, accelerates outward, passes through diffuser, velocity traded for pressure, directed to cylinder

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18
Q

Turbocharger elements

A

Compressor and turbine
Induction air accelerated by impeller, large volume into compressor producing high pressure, high density air
Engine exhaust gas used to drive turbine wheel and impeller - adjusted with amount of exhaust gas directed to turbine vs waste gate
Use intercooler to cool compressed air

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19
Q

Overboost

A

Produce manifold pressure that exceeds engine limitations
Manual vs oil pressure control of waste gate
Advance throttle carefully
Oil temp in normal range first
Allow turbocharger to cool and turbine to slow before shutting off engine

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20
Q

Ignition system

A

2x magnetos, spark plugs, hich tension leads, ignition switch

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21
Q

Engine oil system functions

A

Lubrication of engine moving parts
Cooling of engine by reducing friction
Removing heat from cylinders
Seal between cylinder walls and pistons
Carrying away contaminants

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22
Q

Wet sump vs dry sump

A

Wet sump part of engine, pump drawing from sump routing into engine, then returns to sump
Dry sump external to the engine in a separate oil tank allowing for greater volumes of oil

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23
Q

Engine air cooling system

A

Air inlet, baffles, fins in cylinders, cowl flaps

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24
Q

Exhaust system

A

Exhaust valve and piping attached to cylinders
Muffler and Muffler shroud
EGT probe to measure exhaust manifold temp

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25
Starting system
Direct cranking in small aircraft Battery or external power, wiring, switches, solenoids
26
Combustion: causes of detonation
Too low fuel grade than specified Low rpm and very high manifold pressures High power settings plus excessively lean mix Extended ground ops or steep climbs with reduced cylinder cooling
27
Preignition
Residual hot spot in cylinder Carbon deposit on spark plug or cracked spark plug insulator or other damage Severe engine damage, lose power
28
FADEC
Full Authority Digital Engine Control Eliminates need for magnetos, carburetor heat, mix control, engine priming
29
Turbine engine consists of
Air inlet, compressor, combustion chambers, turbine section, exhaust
30
types of compressors
Centrifugal flow Axial flow Centrifugal-axial flow
31
Types of turbine engine
Turbo jet Turboprop Turbo fan Turboshaft
32
Turbojet
Compressor passes inlet air to combustion chamber with fuel and igniter, expanding air drives turbine, connected to shaft, connected to compressor
33
Turboprop
Exhaust gas drives turbine with shaft connected to reduction gear assembly for prop
34
Turbofan
Secondary airflow bypass combustion chamber, increases thrust, cools engine, aids with noise suppression
35
Turbine engine instruments
Oil pressure, oil temp, engine speed, exhaust gas temp, fuel flow Engine pressure ratio, turbine discharge pressure, torque
36
Engine pressure ratio EPR
For power output Ratio of turbine discharge to compressor inlet pressure
37
Exhaust gas temp EGT
Prevent overheating of turbine with temp sensors Turbine inlet temp, turbine outlet temp, interstage turbine temp, turbine gas temp
38
N1 N2 Indicators
N1 rotational speed of low pressure compressor N2 rotational speed of high pressure compressor
39
Turbine engine operations
Temp limits Thrust variations Forgein object damage Hot/Hung start Compressor stalls Flameout
40
Performance comparisons 3 options
Brake horsepower - usable hp delivered to output shaft Net thrust - produced by turbojet or turbofan Thrust hp - hp equivalent of the thrust produced by turbojet and turbofan Equivalent shaft hp - sum of shaft hp to prop and thrust hp by exhaust => in turboprop
41
Airframe systems
Fuel, electrical, hydraulic, oxygen systems
42
Fuel systems
Gravity fed in high wing planes 2 fuel pumps in low wing planes, one engine driven, one electrical for starting and backup Fuel primer helps evaporate fuel during cold start
43
Fuel strainers, sumps, drains
Removes water and sediments, settle in sump, remove through drain before every flight
44
Fuel contamination
Inadequate pre flight Service with improperly filtered fuel from small tanks, drums Store with partially filled tanks Lack of maintenance
45
Fuel system icing
Undisolved or dissolved Entrained = minute water particles suspended in fuel Free water through bad refueling or settling
46
Prevent icing
Additives Hexylene glycol, methanol derivatives, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
47
Refueling
Avoid static electricity Ground wire to aircraft Ground refueling drum Connect nozzle to aircraft
48
Heating systems
Fuel fired heaters Exhaust heating systems Combustion heater systems Bleed air heating systems
49
Electrical system
Alternator/generator Battery Master/battery switch Alternator/generator switch Bus bar, fuses, circuit breakers Voltage regulator Ammeter/load meter Electrical wiring
50
Equipment that needs power
Position lights Anticollision lights Landing lights Taxi lights Cabin lights Instrument lights Radio equipment Turn indicator Fuel.gauges Electric fuel pump Stall warning Pitot heat Starting motor
51
Hydraulic systems used for..
Wheel brakes Retractable landing gear Constant speed prop Flight control surfaces Wing flaps Spoilers
52
Hydraulic systems consist of
Reservoir Pump Filter Selector valve Relief valve Actuator
53
Tricycle landing gear
Can brake harder Better visibility Prevent swerving Nose gear either steerable or castering
54
Pressurized aircraft
Aircraft Altitude Ambient temp Ambient pressure Cabin altitude Differential pressure
55
Decompression
Explosive vs rapid Hypoxia and unconsciousness
56
Oxygen systems
Flight crew between 12500-14000ft Everyone above 15000ft Some have issues at 15000ft
57
Oxygen system types
Oxygen mask Cannula Diluter demand Pressure demand Continuous flow Electrical pulse demand
58
Anti ice and deice wing systems
Boot system Thermal anti ice Weeping wing
59
Windscreen and prop anti ice
Using alcohol or wires producing electrical heat Or prop boots
60
CLHAND 150s and 96X has Continental
Carburetor Lycoming Horizontally opposed Air cooled Naturally aspirated Direct drive

PPL 1 (15 decks)

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