alcohol Flashcards
(33 cards)
how is alcohol made
fermentation of sugars
reaction is self limiting
• ENZYMES INVOLVED IN FERMENTATION GET INACTIVATED BY ALCOHOL WHEN ITS CONCENTRATION IS HIGH ENOUGH
what is the specific gravity of alcohol
0.789
1ml of water is 1 g
1ml of alcohol is 0.789
what’s heavy water or alcohol
water
is alcohol a drug
YAS IT IS
CNS DEPRESSANT
what are the similarities between narcotics and alcohol
- PRODUCE EUPHORIA
- CNS DEPRESSANTS
- RESPIRATORY DEPRESSANTS
- TOLERANCE
- PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE (ADDICTION)
what are the differences between narcotics and alcohol
- WEAKER POTENCY OF ALCOHOL
• (REQUIRES TENS OF GRAMS FOR EFFECTIVENESS) - VERY WEAK ANALGESIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL
• (NARCOTICS ARE VERY STRONG PAIN KILLERS)
define drug
are chemicals that increase or decrease the activity of various body parts
drugs cannot change body parts
do not create effects, they modify existing functions
define potency
amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect
define efficacy
maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of dose
which neurotransmitter is released in acute administration of alcohol and what is its mechanism
GABA
binds to receptor thus allowing increased transportation of chloride ions into the post-synaptic neurone
cl- helps to make the neurone less excitable
which neurotransmitter does it inhibit and increase
NMDA
acetylcholine and dopamine
what determines the blood alcohol concentration
quantity of alcohol consumed
speed of drinking
the individual
- age, sex, race, BMI
the environment
- food drugs how much
pathophysiology
- drinker’s health, liver, kidney and gut
genetics
- active enzymes or polymorphism
where is alcohol broken down in the body
liver
small fraction excreted in urine via non oxidative metabolism
into
- ethyl glucuronide
- ethyl sulphate
is there alcohol in non drinkers
0.0001%
as carbs can be microbial fermented
what GI disorders cause endogenous alcohol
obstruction
small intestinal overgrowth syndrome
where is alcohol most absorbed in the body
duodenum and small intestine
partly thru stomach wall
name two sphincters found int the stomach
cardiac/ lower oesophageal sphincter
pyloric sphincter
how much fluid can the stomach hold
1.5L fluid
how does gastric emptying occur
when the pressure in the antrum region exceeds that in the duodenum
facilitated by peristaltic waves
what can reduce reabsorption
- lipid rich diet
- food in the stomach
- various carbs and amino acids - fructose and glycol
smoking cigarettes - drugs that delay gastric emptying - anticholinergic drugs
- beers with high content of carbs
- trauma, shock and massive blood loss as it reduces PNS
What can increase absorption
DRINKING IN THE MORNING AFTER OVERNIGHT FAST • DRINKS WITH HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF ETHANOL (E.G. UNDILUTED SPIRITS) • CARBONATED DRINKS • DRUGS THAT ACCELERATE GASTRIC EMPTYING - CISAPRIDE, METOCLOPRAMIDE, ERYTHROMYCIN • LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL ABS • SURGERY TO THE GUT • GASTRECTOMY,GASTRICBYPASS
alcohol pathway in the blood
enters the portal venous blood into the liver then to the heart via the hepatic vein before reaching all parts of the body
define volume of distribution
the amount of drug in the body to the concentration of the drug measured in the blood
how long does it take for arterial venous difference to come to zero
about 90 minutes
