intro to toxicology

Question 1

define poison

Answer 1

Any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered, either by accident or design, to a living organism

Question 2

define toxicology

Answer 2

The study of the detection, occurrence, properties,

effects and regulation of toxic substances

Question 3

Vinyl chloride doses - effect

Answer 3

at high doses
a potent hepatotoxicant
At lower doses
a carcinogen with a long latent period
At very low doses
 without any apparent effect

Question 4

chronic effect of aspirin

Answer 4

deleterious effects on the gastric mucosa

Question 5

what dose of aspirin is fatal

Answer 5

0.2-0.5g/kg

Question 6

variables of toxicity

Answer 6

acute or chronic
vary from one organ to another
age
gender diet
physiological condition or health status

Question 7

First line of barrier from drugs

Answer 7

skin protects us

Question 8

what is LD50

Answer 8

lethal dose of 50% of population

Question 9

name different portal of entry

Answer 9

alimentary canal
lungs
skin

Question 10

what is Loomis classification

Answer 10

Environmental
residues, pollution and industrial hygiene
 Economic
development of chemicals such as drugs, pesticides and food additives
 Forensic
diagnosis, treatment and medicolegal aspects

Question 11

pathway of the mechanism of toxic action

Answer 11

uptake
distribution
metabolism
mode of action
excretion

Question 12

how is alcohol excreted from the body

Answer 12

kidneys
sweat
tears

Question 13

different chemical use classes

Answer 13

Agricultural Chemicals 
 Clinical Drugs
 Drugs of Abuse
 Food Additives
 Industrial Chemicals
 Naturally Occurring Substances  Combustion Products

Question 14

what are the sources of toxic compounds

Answer 14

synthetic organic compounds
naturally occurring toxins
inorganic chemicals

Question 15

examples of synthetic organic compounds

Answer 15

air, water, food pollutants
chemical additives in food
chemicals in the workplace
drugs of abuse
therapeutic drugs
pesticides
solvents
cosmetics

Question 16

examples of air pollutants

Answer 16

CO
Nitrogen oxides 
Sulphur oxides 
 Hydrocarbons 
 Particulates

Question 17

their principal sources are

Answer 17

transportation
 Industrial Processes
 Electric Power Generation
 The Heating of Homes & Buildings

Question 18

what are hydrocarbons

Answer 18

produced by incomplete combustion
 primarily associated with the automobile
 not present at high enough levels to cause a directly measurable toxic effect
 important in the formation of photochemical air pollution

Question 19

what is photochemical air pollution

Answer 19

A result of interactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of UV light

Question 20

what products do photochemical air pollution make

Answer 20

lung irritants
peroxyacetyl nitrate
 acrolein
 formaldehyde

Question 21

what are particulates

Answer 21

smoke
heterogenous mixture

carriers of adsorbed hydrocarbons
 being irritants to the respiratory system
 Their distribution in atmosphere and in the respiratory tract, is largely a function of their size

Question 22

what is water pollution

Answer 22

a result of run from agricultural chemicals from cultivated fields
sewage

Question 23

types of agricultural chemicals in water

Answer 23

Insecticides
 chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT, chlordane, dieldrin  organophosphates
 carbamates
 Pesticides
 herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, etc.
 Fertilizers

Question 24

why are there chemical additives in food

Answer 24

preservatives
change physical characteristics
change colour taste odour

Question 25

examples of organic chemicals

Answer 25

``` Aliphatic Hydrocarbons  hexane Aromatic Hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, xylene Halogenated Hydrocarbons dichloromethane, vinyl chloride Alcohols methanol, ethylene glycol ```

Question 26

examples of inorganic chemcials

Answer 26

metals - lead, copper, mercury, zinc, cadmium, fluorides carbon monoxide

Question 27

Types of drugs of abuse

Answer 27

``` CNS depressants  ethanol, methaqualone, secobarbital CNS stimulants  cocaine, methamphetamine (speed), caffeine, nicotine Opioids  heroin, morphine, meperidine Hallucinogens  LSD, PCP, THC ```

Question 28

Toxicity depends on

Answer 28

- the nature of the toxic response - the dose necessary to produce the toxic response - the relationship between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose - diet, age, gender, presence of other drugs, etc.

Question 29

what are the toxic effects of solvents

Answer 29

cutaneous toxic effects: - de-fatting, local irritation systemic toxic effects: - CNS effects - e.g. benzene on the blood-forming elements

Question 30

different type of solvents

Answer 30

Aliphatic hydrocarbons e.g. hexane  Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons e.g. chloroform  Aliphatic alcohols e.g. methanol  Glycols & glycol ethers e.g. ethylene glycol  Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene

Question 31

what are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 31

Contained in natural products such as coal and crude oil - Associated with incomplete combustion of organic materials Found in:  smoke from wood, coal, oil, tobacco  tar  grilled foods - Some are carcinogens

Question 32

which dyes are highly toxic or carcinogenic

Answer 32

azo or aromatic dyes | organometallics

Question 33

examples of naturally occurring toxins

Answer 33

- Mycotoxins  Microbial Toxins  Plant Toxins  Animal Toxins

Question 34

what is a mycotoxin

Answer 34

toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom

Question 35

name the different groups of mycotoxins

Answer 35

ergot alkaloids aflatoxins tricothecenes

Question 36

what are ergot alkaloids

Answer 36

derivatives of ergotine  the most active are amides of lysergic acid  affect the CNS  vasoconstrictors  implicated in epidemics of gangrenous and convulsive ergotism  ergotism outbreaks still affect livestock

Question 37

what are aflatoxins

Answer 37

products of species of the genus Aspergillus, particularly Aflavus  the fungus Aflavus is a common contaminant of grain, peanuts, etc - carcinogens

Question 38

what are tricothecenes

Answer 38

``` products of species of the genera Fusarium and Tricoderma  acutely toxic  bactericidal, fungicidal, insecticidal  diarrhoea, anorexia, ataxia  Abakabi disease in Japan  Stachybotryotoxicosis in former USSR  Used as chemical warfare agents ```

Question 39

what are microbial toxins

Answer 39

``` produced by microorganisms most toxic ones are tetanus botulinus diphtheria ```

Question 40

black pepper what type of toxin

Answer 40

carcinogen safrole

Question 41

potatoes what type of toxin

Answer 41

teratogen solanine

Question 42

types of animal toxins

Answer 42

bee venom:  biogenic amine + histamine + three peptides + two enzymes  snake venom:  peptides with 60 - 70 amino acids  cardiotoxic  neurotoxic  affect the blood clotting mechanisms  damage blood vessels

Question 43

types of inorganic air pollutants

Answer 43

nitrogen oxides | sulphur oxides

Question 44

types of inorganic metals

Answer 44

beryllium - used in the steel industry  cadmium - exposed from welding and soldering, tobacco smoking  mercury - used in electronics industry and in fungicides lead  used in petrol, batteries, paint  poisoning common in children  widespread contaminant of water and air