alcohols

Question 1

rules of alkanes being aliphatic/alicyclic/aromatic

Answer 1

always aliphatic
sometimes alicyclic

Question 2

rules of alkanes being aliphatic/alicyclic/aromatic

Answer 2

straight/branched chain aliphatic = CnH2n
aliphatic with alicyclic = CnH2n-2
could also be aromatic

Question 3

alcohols functional group

Answer 3

-OH

Question 4

how to name haloalkenes

Answer 4

chloro/floro…. ene

Question 5

another name for haloalkenes

Answer 5

halogenoalkanes

Question 6

what are aldehydes

Answer 6

aldehydes
carbon with 1 hydrogen, one double bond to oxygen and one R carbon chain

Question 7

whare is the R carbon chain on the aldehyde

Answer 7

at the end
the hydrogen means it has to end after it

Question 8

what are carbonyl compounds 2

Answer 8

aldehydes
ketones

Question 9

what are ketones

Answer 9

A carbon with two R carbon chains and one double bonded oxygen

Question 10

where are the R groups on ketones

Answer 10

not at the end of the chain
there are no Hydrogen bonds that can stop the chain

Question 11

what are carboxylic acids

Answer 11

carbon with one R carbon chain
one double bonded oxygen
one OH group

Question 12

how to name aldehydes

Answer 12

name ends is al

Question 13

how to name ketones

Answer 13

name ends in one

Question 14

how are carboxylate salts formed

Answer 14

add NaOH to carboxylic acid

Question 15

how to name carboxylic acids

Answer 15

name ends in anoic acid

Question 16

what are carboxylate salts

Answer 16

carbon with one R carbon chain
one double bonded oxygen
and a metal and oxygen

Question 17

how to name carboxylate salts

Answer 17

metal ___ anoate

Question 18

functional group of esters

Answer 18

COO

Question 19

where does the R-C=O part of esters come from

Answer 19

carboxylic acid

Question 20

where dos the -R’ part of the ester come from

Answer 20

alcohol

Question 21

what is the structure of an acyl chloride

Answer 21

O=C-Cl connected to an R group By the C

Question 22

are acyl chlorides more or less reactive than carboxylic acids

Answer 22

more reactive

Question 23

what is the functional group of a nitrile

Answer 23

R-C=(triple bond) N

Question 24

what is the structure of an amine

Answer 24

N surrounded by 2 Carbon chains/hydrogen and 1 carbon chain

Question 25

give an example of an amine

Answer 25

ammonia acts as an amine

Question 26

what is the functional group of an amide

Answer 26

O=C-N-H

Question 27

what bond does an amide have

Answer 27

peptide bond formed by condensation reaction

Question 28

define primary alcohol

Answer 28

2+ hydrogens of carbon next to functional groups -(nitrogen if amino acid)

Question 29

what is a secondary alcohol

Answer 29

1 hydrogen on the carbon next to functional group

Question 30

what is a tertiary alcohol

Answer 30

no hydrogens of carbon/nitrogen with functional group

Question 31

how to name regular alcohol

Answer 31

propan -1 - ol

Question 32

how to name an alcohol when there are other functional groups on the molecule

Answer 32

3 - hydroxy - propanoic acid

Question 33

where are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols located on the carbon chain

Answer 33

primary - end of chain secondary - middle of chain tertiary - in middle of chain with branch (on carbon with branch)

Question 34

are alcohols soluble in water and why

Answer 34

yes - O has 2 pairs of unpaired electrons that can form hydrogen bonds with hydrogens on water

Question 35

wat are the 4 ways of making alcohols

Answer 35

1 Fermentation (GCSE) 2 Hydration of alkenes - industrial process 3 Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes using OH- (from NaOH) 4 Breaking down an ester (hydrolysis) (U6)

Question 36

describe what you would see during complete combustion of an alcohol

Answer 36

burns with a blue flame

Question 37

describe what you would see during incomplete combustion of an alcohol

Answer 37

much smokier flame

Question 38

how to form haloalkanes

Answer 38

made by alcohol + sodium halides + H2SO4

Question 39

how are esters formed

Answer 39

by condensation reaction

Question 40

what is an elimination reaction and give an example

Answer 40

a reaction where something is eliminated eg dehydration - water is lost

Question 41

what are the conditions in a dehydration reaction

Answer 41

sulfuric acid catalyst heat under reflux for 40 mins

Question 42

how does dehydration get messy

Answer 42

because there are often various options as to which H we use the H must be adjacent to the carbon with -OH

Question 43

describe a primary alcohol and how many ties can it be oxidised

Answer 43

has 2 hydrogens on the carbon where the OH group is can be oxidised 2x

Question 43

describe a secondary alcohol and how many times it can be oxidised

Answer 43

1 hydrogen on the carbon with the OX group can be oxidised once

Question 44

describe a tertiary alcohol how many times can it be oxidised

Answer 44

no hydrogens on the carbon with the OH group cant be oxidised

Question 45

what happens in the first oxidation of a primary alcohol

Answer 45

O looses an H forming an aldehyde

Question 46

what happens in the second oxidation of a primary alcohol

Answer 46

the aldehyde O forms a double bond H gains an O meaning carboxylic acid is formed

Question 47

what happens in the first oxidation of a secondary alcohol

Answer 47

ketone is formed OH looses H and double bond is formed with O

Question 48

what is formed as a result of all oxidation reactions

Answer 48

product and water

Question 49

conditions for full oxidation

Answer 49

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) conc H2SO4 catalyst heat under reflux distil off product

Question 50

conditions for partial oxidation

Answer 50

potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) H2SO4 heat and distil immediately

Question 51

what is the colour change involved in oxidation of an alcohol and why

Answer 51

from orange to green the Cr2O7(-2) forms Cr(3+) (CR gains 3 electrons changing the colour)

Question 52

what is reflux

Answer 52

continuous process of evaporation followed by condensation so volatile compounds can't escape