alcohols and haloalkanes

Question 1

ozone initiation

Answer 1

CF2Cl2=cl. +.CFCl

Question 2

ozone propagation

Answer 2

1) Cl.+O3=ClO+O2
2) ClO+O3=2O2+Cl.

Question 3

ozone termination

Answer 3

1) 2O3=3O2
2) 2Cl.=Cl2

Question 4

alcohols volatility

Answer 4

less volatile than alkanes
hydrogen bonds and vanderwaal forces

Question 5

combustion of alcohols

Answer 5

makes co2 and water
alcohols make good fuels cus lots of energy is released

Question 6

nucleophilic substitution reagent and condition

Answer 6

reagent aqueous NaOH
condition reflux in aqueous sol

Question 7

nucleophile sub how does it work

Answer 7

halogens have a higher electron density than carbon and so a dipole is induced in the c-halgonen bond carbon open to attack by nucleophile

Question 8

dehydration reaction condition

Answer 8

condition acid catalyst conc h2so4
high temp

Question 9

oxidation of primary alcohol reagent and condition

Answer 9

reagent H2SO4/K2Cr2O7
condition distil to get aldehyde and heat under reflux to get Carboxylic Acid

Question 10

aldehyde functional group

Answer 10

carbon double bonded oxygen and bonded hydrogen

Question 11

ketone functional group

Answer 11

carbon double bonded to oxygen

Question 12

esterification reagent and condition

Answer 12

reagent Carboxylic Acid + strong acid catalyst h2so4
condition

Question 13

electrophilic addition reagent and condition

Answer 13

reagent HBr
condition room temp

Question 14

markovnikoff rule

Answer 14

major product is formed via most stable carbocation
3>2>1

Question 15

hydration reagent and condition

Answer 15

reagent stream (330)
condition high pressure phosphoric acid catalyst

Question 16

phosphoric acid

Answer 16

H3PO4

Question 17

hydrogenation reagent and condition

Answer 17

reagent hydrogen
condition (finely divided) nickel catalyst

Question 18

what does free radical substitution need

Answer 18

UV light

Question 19

alcohols are polar because

Answer 19

large difference in electronegativity between oxygen and carbon

Question 20

polarity and solubility

Answer 20

oxygen is very electronegative so can hydrogen bond to water molecules making alcohols water soluble

Question 21

potassium dichromate color change

Answer 21

changes from orange to green when alcohol is oxidised due to change in oxidation state of chromium ion

Question 22

why cant tertiary alcohols be oxidised

Answer 22

no hydrogen attached to carbon for oxygen to remove

Question 23

hydrolysis of haloalkane forms

Answer 23

aqueous alkali

Question 24

nucleophile cub rate down group 7

Answer 24

the rate decreases
large distance between halogen nucleus and shared pair of electrons, more shielding
c-x bond enthalpy decreases
bond easier to break during rate determining step

Question 25

electron withdrawing results in which substitution

Answer 25

position 3

Question 26

electron donating results in which substitution

Answer 26

position 2 and 4

Question 27

electron withdrawing groups do what

Answer 27

remove electron density from pi system making it less reactive

Question 28

electron donating groups do what

Answer 28

donate electron density

Question 29

NO2 donating or withdrawing

Answer 29

withdrawing

Question 30

CH3 donating or withdrawing

Answer 30

donating

Question 31

OH donating or withdrawing

Answer 31

donating

Question 32

NH2 donating or withdrawing

Answer 32

donating

Question 33

How many [H+] reducing agents needed to reduce aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid which one makes on water

Answer 33

2 2 4 carboxylic acid

Question 34

Acyl chlorides can react with alcohols and phenols to form esters but requires

Answer 34

heat and a base and instead of making HCl makes H2O and NaCl

Question 35

equation for making amino ethane from chloroethane

Answer 35

CH3CH2Cl + 2NH3 = CH3CH2NH2 + NH4Cl need hot ethanolic ammonia

Question 36

reduction of propanenitrile equation using acid

Answer 36

propanentrile + HCl + 2H2O = propanoic acid + NH4Cl (ammonium chloride salt)

Question 37

reduction of propanenitrile equation using alkali

Answer 37

propanentrile + NaOH+ H2O = sodium propanoate + NH3