organic 1

Question 1

gas

Answer 1

domestic fuel

Question 2

petrol

Answer 2

cars

Question 3

kerosene

Answer 3

aircrafts

Question 4

diesel

Answer 4

cars+lorries

Question 5

sigma bond joins

Answer 5

carbon to 4 other atoms

Question 6

sigma bond

Answer 6

overlap of 2 orbitals (which each contain one electron) the bond has 2 shared electrons one from each orbital

Question 7

tetrahedral shape in alkanes

Answer 7

the repulsion of atoms around a carbon result in 3d tetrahedral arrangement

Question 8

how does the sigma bond affect movement of atoms

Answer 8

allow atoms to rotate freely so they can make different shapes. Shapes are not rigid

Question 9

how is boiling point of alkanes affected by chain length

Answer 9

bp increases with chain length as the sa increases and there are more surface points of contact resulting in Greater London forces

Question 10

how is boiling point of alkanes affected by branches

Answer 10

branched isomers have lower bp
1. fewer surface point of contact between molecules and weaker London forces
2. the shape means the branches get in the way and prevent molecules form getting as close as when straight, weaker lld forces

Question 11

incomplete combustion products

Answer 11

co/c and water

Question 12

complete combustion products

Answer 12

co2 and water

Question 13

bromination of methane initiation reaction

Answer 13

br-br=br+br

Question 14

bromination of methane step 1 propagation

Answer 14

Br.+ch4=hBr+ch3.

Question 15

bromination of methane step 2 propagation

Answer 15

Ch3.+Br2=Ch3Br+Br.

Question 16

shape of alkene

Answer 16

trignal planar
120
3 regions of density around each carbon
3 regions repel each other

Question 17

stereoisomer

Answer 17

same structural formula but different arrangement of the atoms in space

Question 18

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

Answer 18

1 sigma and pi bonds
2 sigma bonds concentrated above and below plane of sigma so more exposed to electrons
3 pi bond breaks more readily
4 alkanes have low polarity of sigma bond
5 alkane has high bond enthalpies of c-c and c-H bonds

Question 19

heterolytic fission

Answer 19

covalent bond is broken shared pair of electrons taken by one of the atoms

Question 20

homiletic fission

Answer 20

one electron goes with each atom when covalent bond is split

Question 21

disposing polymers

Answer 21

unreative saturated back bone makes It de biodegradable

Question 22

pvc recycling

Answer 22

pvc is hazardous as high in chlorine
when burnt releases hydrogen chloride a corrosive gas

Question 23

feed stock recycling

Answer 23

Feedstock recycling is where waste polymers are broken down, by chemical and thermal processes, into monomers, gases and oils
These products are then used as the raw materials in the production of new polymers and other organic chemicals
The major benefit of feedstock recycling, compared to other methods of polymer disposal, is that it works with unsorted and unwashed polymers

Question 24

Homologous series

Answer 24

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group, but each successive member differs by CH2

Question 25

Aliphatic

Answer 25

compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 26

Alicyclic

Answer 26

this is an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 27

Aromatic

Answer 27

compound containing a benzene ring

Question 28

curly arrow

Answer 28

movement of electron pair. shows heterolytic fission

Question 29

why is C-H stronger than C-C

Answer 29

C-H has a shorter bond length because H only consists of one shell so distance between nuclei is shorter

Question 30

2 limitations of free radical substitution

Answer 30

further substitution substitution of different carbon atoms

Question 31

sigma bond

Answer 31

head on overlap of s orbitals

Question 32

addition polymer reactivity

Answer 32

low

Question 33

negative and positive of recycling polymers

Answer 33

+ reduce use of finite resources + reduces water going to landfills - time consuming - mixed polymers can't be sorted

Question 34

what to do with polymers

Answer 34

feedstock recycle combust bioplastic sort and recycle

Question 35

combustion of polymers

Answer 35

some petroleum / natural gas derived polymers are still difficult to recycle Since they have a large amount of energy stored within the polymer chains, these polymers can be incinerated. still causes environmental pollution as the carbon within the polymer can be released as carbon dioxide contributing to global warming Other toxic waste products include hydrogen chloride from the combustion of PVC

Question 36

what are bioplastics made from

Answer 36

plant starch / cellulose, plant oils and plant proteins

Question 37

biodegradable polymers

Answer 37

broken down over time by microorganisms Common products from this process include carbon dioxide, water and other organic compounds. polyester and polyamides

Question 38

compostable polymers

Answer 38

Compostable polymers are commonly plant based Plant starch is being used in the production of biodegradable bin liners Sugar cane fibres are replacing polystyrene in the production of disposable plates and cups Compostable polymers degrade naturally leaving no harmful residues

Question 39

photodegradable polymers

Answer 39

Photodegradable polymers contain bonds that are weakened by absorbing light / visible radiation This starts the breakdown of the polymer A lot of photodegradable polymers are oil-based In certain cases, an additive that absorbs light is mixed into the polymer to promote degradation

Question 40

3 alcohol + PCl3

Answer 40

3 haloalkane + H3PO4

Question 41

alcohol + PCl5

Answer 41

haloalkane + HCl + POCl3

Question 42

alcohol + SOCl2

Answer 42

Haloalkane + HCl + SO2