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Laura’s Systems > Alimentary System > Flashcards

Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion for

A

Function of digestion is to break down food into small enough pieces that it can be absorbed

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2
Q

Absorption is

A

Transfer of nutrients to circulation

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3
Q

2 groups of organs in the alimentary system

A

Digestive tract organs like stomach intestines oral cavity
Accessory organs like salivary glands gallbladder liver pancreas

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4
Q

What organs are part of the digestive tract

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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5
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs

A

Pancreas
Liver
Salivary glands
Teeth tongue
Gallbladder

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6
Q

What is the histological components of the GI system

A

Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia/serosa

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7
Q

Describe Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Acid reflux leading to Metaplasia or even worse dysplasia

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8
Q

Where is fundic glands found

A

In the upper stomach, in the lamina propria

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9
Q

Describe coeliac disease

A
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10
Q

What is the function of mucous cells in the large intestine

A

Protect the lining from the undigested food moving along it

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11
Q

Describe ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. What’s the difference

A

Crohn’s disease is the inflammation of the digestive system, and can occur anywhere along the GIT.

Ulcerative colitis is a long term condition where the colon and rectum become inflamed.

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12
Q

What is the difference between muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa

A

Muscularis mucosae is smooth muscle in the mucosa. Muscularis externa is a layer on it own and is a thicker layer of smooth muscle. Had inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle for peristalsis

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13
Q

Difference between adventitia and serosa

A

Adventitia is fibrous connective tissue that surround organs. Serosa is serous membranes that secrets fluid to reduce friction at the other organs

In summary, adventitia and serosa are both connective tissue layers that surround organs in the body, but adventitia covers organs not involved in the digestive system and is composed mainly of collagen fibers, while serosa covers organs involved in the digestive system and is composed of a layer of mesothelium and a layer of connective tissue.

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14
Q

Where does the most absorption take place

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

Secretions in the GITrack

A

Saliva
Liquids
Bile
Gastric juice
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice
Faeces

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16
Q

Digestion: mechanical and chemical

A

Mechanical is motility and chemical is mainly the enzymes Secreted at different points ie saliva or pancreas enzymes

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17
Q

Motility

A

Chewing, swallowing, churning, peristalsis at the intestine, defaecation

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18
Q

Functions of the mouth

A
  1. Sensory (pain, temp,movement,taste)
  2. Motor (speech, swallowing, chewing)
  3. Salivation
  4. Lymphoid tissue (tonsils are first line of defence)
  5. Reflexes (gagging)
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19
Q

Nociception

A

Pain receptors

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20
Q

What is sialoadenitis

A

Inflammation of the salivary glands

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21
Q

What is sialolithiasis

A

Salivary gland stones

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22
Q

Lingual frenulum

A
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23
Q

Lingual vein

A
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24
Q

Jaw muscles

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and lateral pterygoids

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25
Q

Facial muscles

A

Orbicularis oris
Buccinator

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26
Q

Buccinator

A

Puffing jaw, pushes food to the middle of mouth

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27
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

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28
Q

What is cervical viscera

A

Viscera means neck
Viscera means organs in the main cavities in the body especially those in the abdomen

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29
Q

Where is the pharynx located

A

From the base of the skull to oesophagus (C6)

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30
Q

What is the function of the pharynx

A

Conducts air
Muscular tube that directs food from out to oesophagus

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31
Q

What constitutes the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx (upper) ( nose)
Oropharynx (middle) (Oro for oral cavity)
Laryngopharynx (lower) (voice box)

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32
Q

What is the function of nose hair

A

Filter dust and dirt, first line of defence

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33
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located and what is it’s function

A

Nasopharynx is located from below the skull to the uvula. It has a respiratory function

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34
Q

Name the duct that is located in the Nasopharynx. (Very important)

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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35
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct do?

A

It’s also known as the tear duct. Lacrimal glands produce tears. Connection of the eyed to nasal cavity and pharynx

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36
Q

4 types of tonsils and location

A

Tubal tonsils (x2 lymphoid, inflammatory tissues) (in nasopharynx)
Pharyngeal tonsils (In Nasopharynx)
Palatine tonsil (x 2at the back of the mouth, oropharynx)
Lingual tonsils (surface of the base of the tongue,Oropharynx)

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37
Q

Location and function of Oropharynx

A

Digestive function and respiratory function
Located in between the soft palate and epiglottis

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38
Q

Structure and function of epiglottis

A

Closes trachea when swallowing so as to cover the opening of the larynx so that food doesn’t go down trachea.
Epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage

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39
Q

Must know, palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

A
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40
Q

What’s the other name of pharyngeal tonsils

A

Adenoids

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41
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located

A

In between the epiglottis and the level of cricoid cartilage

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42
Q

Where does food such as fish bones get stuck in the pharynx?

A

Piriform fossa

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43
Q

Epithelia of the Nasopharynx

A

Respiratory epithelium so Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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44
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue in the Nasopharynx and Oropharynx formed by the paired palatine tonsils, adenoid tonsils and lingual tonsils

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45
Q

Name the circular muscles in the pharynx and location

A

Superior constrictor (Oropharynx)
Middle constrictor (laryngopharynx)
Inferior constrictor (laryngopharynx)

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46
Q

What’s so special about the hyoid bone

A

It is the only bone in the body that doesn’t connect to another bone. It’s prone to fractures if strangled. It’s located between middle and inferior constrictor

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47
Q

Motor nerve supply of the pharynx (MV,SG)

A

Vagus nerve ( CNX )to all muscles except stylopharyngeus muscle which is controlled by CNIX (glossopharyngeal) and one tensor veli palatini which is controlled by CNV

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48
Q

Sensory nerve supply in pharynx (MV,SG)

A

Primarily Glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX

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49
Q

Pharyngeal plexus

A

The region that lies over the middle constrictor, CNIX AND CNX)

Motor and sensory innervation of the majority of the pharynx (except nasopharynx) is achieved by the pharyngeal plexus.

Blood drains from the pharynx back to to the internal jugular veins through the plexus

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50
Q

Which three cranial nerves work together

A

Trochlear 4
Oculomotor 3
Abducens 6

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51
Q

Dangers of tonsillectomy

A

Damage nerves and blood vessels close by, especially the carotid artery that supplies 80% of the blood in brain

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52
Q

Name the physiological sphincter at the oesophagus

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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53
Q

Histology of oesophagus

A

OM Stratified squamous epithelium (non keratinized)
OM Lamina propria
OM Muscularis mucosae

Submucosa (mucous glands here)
Muscularis externa
Adventitia

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54
Q

Why are there mucous glands located in the Submucosa? (Underneath the muscularis mucosae)

A

Lubricate and protect the esopqhgus from abrasive forces

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55
Q

What are the muscle types as we go down the esophagus

A

Upper portion of the esophagus can be controlled so it’s skeletal
Middle is a mix of skeletal and smooth
Bottom is smooth muscle

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56
Q

What’s G.o.r.d.

A

Gastro oesophageal reflux disease

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57
Q

What physiology does the lower oesophageal sphincter have so that it can act as a sphincter and what is it’s function.

A

Almost a 90deg curvature, it’s function is to prevent n protect the esophagus from reflux of gastric contents

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58
Q

Pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Soft palate raises, depression of epiglottis, contraction of vocal folds/constructors, relaxation of upper sphincter)

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59
Q

Oesophageal phase of swallowing

A

Constrictor and relaxation of skeletal/ smooth muscles in the oesophagus until reach the cardiac orifice

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60
Q

Where is the abdomen

A

Abdomen is huge, it’s between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet. It’s separated from the thorax but connected to the pelvis.

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61
Q

What role does the pelvis play at the abdomen

A

Pelvis supports (in part) the abdomen

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62
Q

What is the abdominal wall made of

A

Multilayered, musculo-aponeurotic wall
Adipose tissue

63
Q

Abdomen has 9 quadrants what are they from 1 to 9

A
  1. Right hypochondrium
  2. Epigastric
  3. Left hypochondrium
  4. Right lumbar
  5. Umbilical
  6. Left lumbar
  7. Right iliac fossa
  8. Suprapubic/ hypogastrium
  9. Left iliac fossa
64
Q

Where is the stomach found

A

Left hypochondrium and epigastric region

65
Q

Greater and lesser curvature of the stomach (very important)

A
66
Q

What is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach

A

Greater omentum which is fatty tissues that encases infections

67
Q

Parts of the stomach (cat flips body pillow)

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Pyloric sphincter

68
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

To prevent chyme from entering the duodenum too fast since there stomach is v acidic

69
Q

Histology of the stomach

A

Simple columnar epithelium lines the stomach

70
Q

What protects the stomach from the very acidic juices

A

Alkaline mucous layer , mucous glands at the pyloric part secrete more mucous since it’s nearer to the duodenum

71
Q

Name the third kind of muscle that is only present in the stomach

A

Oblique muscle at the muscularis externa layer

72
Q

What is rugae

A

Rugae in the stomach are folds that allow the stomach to distend

73
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Abnormal thickening of the the muscles of the pylorus, food cannot move into the duodenum easily

74
Q

4 types of gastric gland cells and what they secrete

A

Mucous neck cells
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
Parietal cells (HCL)
Endocrine cells (Gastrin)

75
Q

What is the significance of HCL for pepsinogen

A

For pepsinogen to be converted to pepsin, HCL is needed

76
Q

What is the significance of Gastrin

A

Gastrin promotes HCL and pepsinogen secretion

77
Q

What is the function of the palatoglossus

A

Palatoglossal arch lowers the soft palate and elevates/ arch the tongue

78
Q

Which nerve innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

Vagus nerve because motor

79
Q

Main secretion of parietal cells

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

80
Q

Main secretion of chief cells

A

Pepsinogen

81
Q

What stimulates the parietal cells

A

Gastrin, ach, histamine

82
Q

What cells produce gastrin

A

G cells which are endocrine cells

83
Q

Function of the piriform fossa

A

Located on either side of the laryngeal inlet and allow the passage of food into oesophagus

84
Q

Carbonic anhydrase locations

A

Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
Kidney
Rbc
Parietal cells

85
Q

Secretions at the different parts of the stomach

A

Cardia - mucous
Fundus and body - acid, pepsin gastric juices
Pylorus - mucous and gastrin

86
Q

Parietal cells and chief cells stain

A

Parietal cells stain red
Chief cells stain blue

87
Q

Arteries on the lesser curvature

A

Left gastric and common hepatic

88
Q

Arteries on the greater curvature

A

Biggest splenic artery

89
Q

Where do the veins of the stomach drain into?

A

Portal venous system

Left and right Gastric vein -> portal vein

Short gastric vein and left gastroepiploic coercive -> splenic -> superior mesenteric

Right gastroepiploic -> superior mesentric

90
Q

What does intrinsic factor do

A

Intrinsic factor produced at the parietal cells, it helps absorption of vitamin b12

91
Q

Where is oesophagus located respective to the traches

A

Esophagus located at posterior to the trachea and heart

92
Q

Otitis media

A

Middle ear infection

93
Q

Are parietal cells acidophillic or basophillic

A

Acidophillic

94
Q

What artery supplies the pyloric part and the duodenum

A

Right Gastroepiploic artery that branches off from the gastroduodenal artery (which branches off the common hepatic)

95
Q

What veins drain into the portal vein

A

Right and left gastric veins

96
Q

What veins drain into the splenic vein

A

Short gastric and left gastroepiploic

97
Q

What drains into the superior mesenteric

A

Right gastroepiploic vein

98
Q

Oesophageal varices

A

Abnormal, enlarged veins in the tubes that connect oesophagus to the stomach. When portal pressure is larger than inferior venacava pressure, there is portal hypertension.

99
Q

Retroperitoneal meaning

A

Organs that are covered on the anterior surface by PARIETAL peritoneum

100
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs (sad pucker)

A

Suprarenal glands
Aorta
Duodenum

Pancreas
Urethra
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

101
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Eg Liver and spleen

Enveloped by visceral organs

102
Q

Another name for the serous membrane that lines the abdomen

A

Mesothelium

103
Q

Histology of mesothelium

A

Simple squamous
Areolar connective tissue

104
Q

What is mesentery

A

Double fold around the small intestine that holds everything together

105
Q

Structure of the greater omentum

A

Apron-like fold of the peritoneum with a free lower border

106
Q

Name the glands of the duodenum and state it’s function and where it’s found

A

Bruner glands found at the Submucosa of the duodenum. It’s role is to secrete alkaline substance to neutralise the acidic contents entering from the stomach

107
Q

Location of the duodenum

A

L1-l4

108
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Duodenum hormone

Causes bile to be released from gall bladder into the duodenum CCK is a peptide hormone and helps digest fat and protein. Secreted by cells of the duodenum and highest secretion when there is fatty acids in the chyme entering the duodenum

CCK inhibits gastric emptying but increases the release of pancreatic enzymes, as well as increases the production of bile, contraction of the gall bladder and relaxes the Sphincter of Oddi resulting in better fat digestion.

109
Q

Sphincter of oddi

A

Opening of the pancreas into the duodenum. Major and minor duodenal papilla

110
Q

4 parts of the ddn

A

Superior
Descending
Inferior
Ascending

111
Q

Must know!! Where is the location of the inferior duodenum respective to veins and arteries

A

The inferior duodenum is located in between the inferior vena cava and superior mesenteric artery + vein

112
Q

What supplies the superior pancreaticduodenal artery

A

Coeliac trunk -> gastroduodenal artery -> superior pancreaticduodenka artery

113
Q

What supplies the inferior pancreaticduodenal artery

A

Superior mesenteric artery

114
Q

Infracolic region

A

Below the colon

115
Q

Which plexus is located in the Submucosa

A

Messiner plexus (submucous plexus) - located in Submucosa

116
Q

Where is the auerbach/myenteric plexus located

A

Between circular and longitudinal muscle

117
Q

What 3 special characteristics increases intestinal surface area?

A

Transverse folds x3
Villi x30
Microvilli X600

118
Q

What is another name for transverse folds

A

Plicae circulares

119
Q

What is the function of a lacteal

A

Lacteal is located between the veins and arteries, function is fat absorption

120
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

Found only in the ileum
Lymphoid tissue

121
Q

Differences between jejunum and ileum arteries

A

Jejunum - smaller number of arterial arcades, but longer vasa recta.

Ileum - more arterial arcades with shorter vasa recta.

122
Q

Mode of transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into stomach

A

Active transport, using potassium ions

123
Q

Give details of the endocrine portions of the pancreas. What does it secrete and the function

A

Endocrine - islets of Langerhans
Secretes hormones
Alpha - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin

Control of blood sugar levels

124
Q

Give details of the exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

99% exocrine
Digestive enzymes
Bicarbonate ions

125
Q

Insulin function

A

Promotes glucose absorption

126
Q

Somatostatin function

A

Reduce acid secretion, slows down digestive process

Reduces both glucagon and insulin secretion

Inhibits growth hormone

127
Q

Inactive form of chymotrypsin

A

Chymotrypsinogen

128
Q

5 parts of the pancreas

A

Head uncinate process neck body tail

129
Q

Where is the uncinate process located

A

Posterior to superior mesenteric vessels

130
Q

What is the difference between the tail of the pancreas compared to the head neck body

A

Tail is intraperitoneal

131
Q

Exocrine glands in pancreas are what type of glands , serous or mucous

A

Serous acinar - a lot of digestive enzymes

Ducts secrete bicarbonate

132
Q

How are the acinar glands connected

A

Intercalated ducts -> intralobular ducts -> pancreatic ducts

133
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect pancreas

A

Destruction of primary exocrine pancreas
- reduced digestive function
-malabsorption
- steatorrhoea

134
Q

What is steatorrhoea

A

Blocked bile ducts, Lack of bile to emulsify fats, fatty stools

135
Q

Liver function

A

Important functions
-bile
-proteins for blood clotting
-stores glycogen and releases glucose
-Inactivation of hormones/drugs

136
Q

Liver location in the gut

A

Right, left hypochondrium and epigastric
Largest gland

137
Q

Spleen function

A

Controls levels of wbc,rbc and blood clots

138
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A

Left
Right
Qudrate (inferior)
Caudate (superior)

139
Q

Histology of parietal and visceral peritoneum

A

Simple squamous called mesothelium

140
Q
A

Along with the external urethral and anal sphincters, this is one of the only three sphincters in the body comprised of skeletal muscle tissue.

141
Q

What is bile

A

Bile is made of water cholesterol bicarbonate phospholipids bile pigments and is responsible for fat digestion.

142
Q

What is a gallstone

A

A gall stone is a buildup of cholesterol of bilirubin and calcium salts

143
Q

Porta hepatis

A

The region where the arteries veins and bile ducts enter the liver

144
Q

Appendices epiploicae

A

Out pouches of fat

145
Q

Haustra

A

Circular muscle

146
Q

Taenia coli

A

3 longitudinal bands of muscle

147
Q

What is the name of the collection of veins that communicate directly with the systemic venous system in the anus

A

Internal hemorrhoidal plexus

148
Q

Internal and external sphincter in the anus nervous control type - involuntary or voluntary

A

Internal - involuntary
External - voluntary

149
Q

What action occurs in the small intestine

A

Segmentation

150
Q

What action occurs in the large intestine

A

Squeezing action mainly in caecum and ascending colon due to contraction of circular muscles

Peristalsis in the transverse anddescending colon

151
Q

Mass movements unique to the large intestine

A
152
Q

Segmentation vs peristalsis

A

Segmentation - circular muscle in small intestine
Peristalsis - longitudinal muscle

153
Q

Achalasia

A

The lower oesophageal sphincter doesn’t relax so the food cannot enter the stomach, bird beak appearance on a barium swallowing test

154
Q

Anastomoses occur where in the git

A

Oesophagus and stomach

Laura’s Systems (11 decks)

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