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Laura’s Systems > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Differences between nerves and hormones cell communications

A

Nerves is faster, localised, specific. Hormones is slower but effects last longer

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2
Q

Paracrine

A

1 -> few

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3
Q

Endocrine

A

1 to many

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4
Q

Autocrine

A

Feedback

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5
Q

Synapse

A

1 to 1

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6
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Contact via gap junctions, ions can flow in both directions

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7
Q

G proteins function

A

Since peptide transmitters cannot pass through the cell membrane, it binds to receptors on the surface and activates G proteins. These G proteins activate 2nd messenger systems such as cAMP and calcium ions

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8
Q

Calcium-calmodulin and cAMP as second messengers

A
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9
Q

Is the inside or outside of the cell more positive?

A

Outside of the cell. Therefore resting membrane potential is -70.

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10
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

3 sodium ions out 2 potassium ions in

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11
Q

Depolarisation

A

Closer towards zero

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12
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

Further away from zero

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13
Q

Action potential occurs at what membrane potential

A

-55. If below -55, just graded potential

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14
Q

When do voltage gated sodium ion channels shut

A

+35. Potassium channels open

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15
Q

Why is there Hyperpolarisation?

A

Potassium ion channels are slow to shut

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16
Q

What constitutes the refractory period?

A

Repolarisation (sodium ion channels shut) and Hyperpolarisation (potassium ion channels slow to shut)

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17
Q

How does local anaesthetic work?

A

Blocks the sodium ion channels from opening

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18
Q

What is EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

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19
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential. Transmitter causes Hyperpolarisation

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20
Q

Temporal and spatial summation

A

Spatial - many neurones connect to one neurone
Temporal - nerve impulses arrive in quick succession from the same presynaptic neurone

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21
Q

3 special features of NMJ

A
  1. Many folds in postsynaptic membrane to store AchE to return to presynaptic
  2. More receptors
  3. Ach is always excitatory
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22
Q

Organisation of nervous system

A

CNS brain and spinal cord
PNS cranial and spinal nerves

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23
Q

The name for autonomic pathway

A

Visceral Afferent and efferent

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24
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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25
How many pairs of cranial nerves
12
26
Name the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear GGlossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
27
Peripheral nerve histological components
Endo peri and epineurium
28
Grey matter
Unmyelinated
29
White matter
Myelinated. Rmb that myelin has fat so white
30
What are the different fibres and myelination of fibres
A fibres are myelinated c fibres are not. A fibres are much wider in the diameter
31
Dermatomes
The region where sensory nerves act
32
Myotomes
The region where motor nerves act
33
Other than smooth and cardiac muscle. What two other comes under the autonomic nervous system
Glands and adipose tissues
34
What is one transmitter than can pass through the cell membrane
Steroid transmitter are lipids Act on receptor inside the target cell
35
3 meninges
PAD PIA MATER ARACHNOID MATER DURA MATER
36
5 regions in the spinal cord
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
37
Which root for motor
Ventral horn, ventral root
38
What is the dorsal root ganglion
Collection of cell bodies of sensory neurons, pseudounipolar
39
What is ramus
Posterior ramus connects the back part of the body and anterior ramus connects the front of the body
40
What is somatic Afferent
External sensory afferent . Visceral effects are for internal body
41
4 parts of the brain
Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) Brain stem (pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain)
42
4 lobes of the brain
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Try to rmb that parietal sounds like parents and parents on top. Occipital is the back
43
What is part of the forebrain
Cerebrum and diencephalon
44
What is part of the hindbrain
Cerebellum pons medulla
45
Function of hypothalamus
Homeostasis thermoregulation osmolarity Hormones (RH=releasing hormones) Assoc with pituitary gland Circadian rhythms Thirst Emotions Sexual behaviour
46
Cerebrum
Biggest part, associated with motor Language memory perceptions emotions Sensory and motor functions
47
Where is grey matter found in the brain
Cerebral cortex , outer layer
48
Where is the white matter found in brain
Corpus callosum The corpus callosum is a large bundle of more than 200 million myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.
49
Cortical sensory areas in the brain
Somastatory ie touch , is located at the parietal region, next to the frontal lobe Visual is located at the occipital region (back) Auditory is at the temporal lobe, right underneath the parietal lobe Taste ie gustatory is below the frontal Smell ie olfactory is below the gustatory
50
What is somatosensory
Touch
51
Exteroceptors
Information about external environment
52
Proprioceptors
Report positions and movements of skeletal muscles and joints
53
Interoceptors
Monitor visceral organs and functions
54
Function of the cerebrum
Sensory and motor functions, most Complex Memory, language Perception Integration Emotions
55
Function of the thalamus
Sensory processing
56
Function of cerebellum
Control of balance and posture
57
Function of midbrain
Processes visual and auditory data
58
Function of pons
Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
59
What is the adrenal medulla part of
Sympathetic NS
60
Where are the Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located in the spinal cord
T1-L2
61
Where are the Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located in the spinal cord
brainstem, CN 3 7 9 10 , S2-4
62
Which system has long pre and short post ganglionic fibres
Parasympathetic
63
Which system has short pre and long post ganglioninc fibres, why
Sympathetic. Ganglia located near spinal cord
64
Where does Ach act on
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (2 types of cholinergic receptors)
65
Where does noradrenaline and A act on
Adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)
66
What nerves control breathing
Somatic nerves (phrenic nerve)
67
Diff between sympathetic and para
Sympathetic has widespread actions around the body Parasympathetic has discreet actions on single organs
68
What is vascular tone
Control of the dilation of blood vessels by sympathetic nerves
69
Which nerves control heart rate
Parasympathetic nerves (vagus) and sympathetic nerves in dual control. Vagus bring heart rate down and sumo nerves increase heart rate
70
Which nerve innervates the temporalis and masseter
Trigeminal , mandibular division (V3)
71
What nerves innervates the parotid gland
NOT facial but Glossopharyngeal
72
What nerves innervate the sublingual and submandibular gland
Chorda tympani nerve in the mandibular region of the FACIAL NERVE
73
What supplies the buccinator
Buccal branch of the facial nerve
74
What supplies the orbicularis oculi
Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
75
What supplied the muscles of lower lip
Mandibular branch of the facial nerve
76
What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve supply
Parotid gland
77
What cranial nerves Carries taste sensation
Anterior 2/3 facial nerve Posterior 1/3 Glossopharyngeal
78
Nerve supply of the pharynx
MVSG motor vagus except stylopharngeus Sensory Glossopharyngeal
79
Nerve fibres mostly common,y associated with tooth pain
A delta and c fibres
80
Functions of CSF
supports the Brian Cushions the brain against trauma Transports nutrients chemical messengers and waste

Laura’s Systems (11 decks)

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