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Laura’s Systems > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between nerves and hormones cell communications

A

Nerves is faster, localised, specific. Hormones is slower but effects last longer

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2
Q

Paracrine

A

1 -> few

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3
Q

Endocrine

A

1 to many

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4
Q

Autocrine

A

Feedback

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5
Q

Synapse

A

1 to 1

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6
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Contact via gap junctions, ions can flow in both directions

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7
Q

G proteins function

A

Since peptide transmitters cannot pass through the cell membrane, it binds to receptors on the surface and activates G proteins. These G proteins activate 2nd messenger systems such as cAMP and calcium ions

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8
Q

Calcium-calmodulin and cAMP as second messengers

A
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9
Q

Is the inside or outside of the cell more positive?

A

Outside of the cell. Therefore resting membrane potential is -70.

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10
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

3 sodium ions out 2 potassium ions in

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11
Q

Depolarisation

A

Closer towards zero

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12
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

Further away from zero

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13
Q

Action potential occurs at what membrane potential

A

-55. If below -55, just graded potential

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14
Q

When do voltage gated sodium ion channels shut

A

+35. Potassium channels open

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15
Q

Why is there Hyperpolarisation?

A

Potassium ion channels are slow to shut

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16
Q

What constitutes the refractory period?

A

Repolarisation (sodium ion channels shut) and Hyperpolarisation (potassium ion channels slow to shut)

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17
Q

How does local anaesthetic work?

A

Blocks the sodium ion channels from opening

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18
Q

What is EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

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19
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential. Transmitter causes Hyperpolarisation

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20
Q

Temporal and spatial summation

A

Spatial - many neurones connect to one neurone
Temporal - nerve impulses arrive in quick succession from the same presynaptic neurone

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21
Q

3 special features of NMJ

A
  1. Many folds in postsynaptic membrane to store AchE to return to presynaptic
  2. More receptors
  3. Ach is always excitatory
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22
Q

Organisation of nervous system

A

CNS brain and spinal cord
PNS cranial and spinal nerves

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23
Q

The name for autonomic pathway

A

Visceral Afferent and efferent

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24
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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25
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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26
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
GGlossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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27
Q

Peripheral nerve histological components

A

Endo peri and epineurium

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28
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmyelinated

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29
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated. Rmb that myelin has fat so white

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30
Q

What are the different fibres and myelination of fibres

A

A fibres are myelinated c fibres are not. A fibres are much wider in the diameter

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31
Q

Dermatomes

A

The region where sensory nerves act

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32
Q

Myotomes

A

The region where motor nerves act

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33
Q

Other than smooth and cardiac muscle. What two other comes under the autonomic nervous system

A

Glands and adipose tissues

34
Q

What is one transmitter than can pass through the cell membrane

A

Steroid transmitter are lipids
Act on receptor inside the target cell

35
Q

3 meninges

A

PAD
PIA MATER
ARACHNOID MATER
DURA MATER

36
Q

5 regions in the spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

37
Q

Which root for motor

A

Ventral horn, ventral root

38
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies of sensory neurons, pseudounipolar

39
Q

What is ramus

A

Posterior ramus connects the back part of the body and anterior ramus connects the front of the body

40
Q

What is somatic Afferent

A

External sensory afferent . Visceral effects are for internal body

41
Q

4 parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Brain stem (pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain)

42
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Try to rmb that parietal sounds like parents and parents on top. Occipital is the back

43
Q

What is part of the forebrain

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

44
Q

What is part of the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum pons medulla

45
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis thermoregulation osmolarity
Hormones (RH=releasing hormones)
Assoc with pituitary gland
Circadian rhythms
Thirst
Emotions
Sexual behaviour

46
Q

Cerebrum

A

Biggest part, associated with motor
Language memory perceptions emotions
Sensory and motor functions

47
Q

Where is grey matter found in the brain

A

Cerebral cortex , outer layer

48
Q

Where is the white matter found in brain

A

Corpus callosum

The corpus callosum is a large bundle of more than 200 million myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.

49
Q

Cortical sensory areas in the brain

A

Somastatory ie touch , is located at the parietal region, next to the frontal lobe

Visual is located at the occipital region (back)

Auditory is at the temporal lobe, right underneath the parietal lobe

Taste ie gustatory is below the frontal

Smell ie olfactory is below the gustatory

50
Q

What is somatosensory

A

Touch

51
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Information about external environment

52
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Report positions and movements of skeletal muscles and joints

53
Q

Interoceptors

A

Monitor visceral organs and functions

54
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

Sensory and motor functions, most Complex
Memory, language
Perception
Integration
Emotions

55
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Sensory processing

56
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Control of balance and posture

57
Q

Function of midbrain

A

Processes visual and auditory data

58
Q

Function of pons

A

Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus

59
Q

What is the adrenal medulla part of

A

Sympathetic NS

60
Q

Where are the Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located in the spinal cord

A

T1-L2

61
Q

Where are the Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located in the spinal cord

A

brainstem, CN 3 7 9 10 , S2-4

62
Q

Which system has long pre and short post ganglionic fibres

A

Parasympathetic

63
Q

Which system has short pre and long post ganglioninc fibres, why

A

Sympathetic. Ganglia located near spinal cord

64
Q

Where does Ach act on

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (2 types of cholinergic receptors)

65
Q

Where does noradrenaline and A act on

A

Adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)

66
Q

What nerves control breathing

A

Somatic nerves (phrenic nerve)

67
Q

Diff between sympathetic and para

A

Sympathetic has widespread actions around the body
Parasympathetic has discreet actions on single organs

68
Q

What is vascular tone

A

Control of the dilation of blood vessels by sympathetic nerves

69
Q

Which nerves control heart rate

A

Parasympathetic nerves (vagus) and sympathetic nerves in dual control. Vagus bring heart rate down and sumo nerves increase heart rate

70
Q

Which nerve innervates the temporalis and masseter

A

Trigeminal , mandibular division (V3)

71
Q

What nerves innervates the parotid gland

A

NOT facial but Glossopharyngeal

72
Q

What nerves innervate the sublingual and submandibular gland

A

Chorda tympani nerve in the mandibular region of the FACIAL NERVE

73
Q

What supplies the buccinator

A

Buccal branch of the facial nerve

74
Q

What supplies the orbicularis oculi

A

Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve

75
Q

What supplied the muscles of lower lip

A

Mandibular branch of the facial nerve

76
Q

What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve supply

A

Parotid gland

77
Q

What cranial nerves Carries taste sensation

A

Anterior 2/3 facial nerve
Posterior 1/3 Glossopharyngeal

78
Q

Nerve supply of the pharynx

A

MVSG

motor vagus except stylopharngeus

Sensory Glossopharyngeal

79
Q

Nerve fibres mostly common,y associated with tooth pain

A

A delta and c fibres

80
Q

Functions of CSF

A

supports the Brian
Cushions the brain against trauma
Transports nutrients chemical messengers and waste

Laura’s Systems (11 decks)

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