Alimentary System Flashcards
1
Q
T/F - Dogs and cats develop alimentary neoplasia more often than farm animals.
A
Truth!
2
Q
T/F - Dogs and cats develop a wide range of infectious diseases often poorly controlled by vaccination.
A
False! RUMINANTS AND PIGS develop a wide range of infectious diseases often poorly controlled by vaccination.
3
Q
T/F - Horses are prone to intestinal displacement.
A
Hell yes! Horses wake up and think, “What should I do today? Homicide or Suicide?”
Intestinal displacement –> colic
4
Q
What is the most common portal of entry of pathogenic agents into the alimentary system?
A
Oral ingestion
5
Q
What are the pathogenic portals of entry into the alimentary system?
A
ingestion
coughed up by lungs and swallowed
systemic hematogenous route - end up in the blood (insect bites)
migration through the body (parasites)
6
Q
Alimentary Defense Mechanisms (9)…
A
saliva resident flora and fauna gastric pH secreted immunoglobulins vomiting intestinal proteolytic enzymes phagocytes/effector cells w/in mucosa/submucosa high rate of epithelial turnover increased peristalsis resulting in diarrhea
7
Q
Congenital anomalies of the oral cavity…
A
cleft palate (palatoschisis) cleft lip (cheiloschisis)
8
Q
Oral cavity congenital anomalies are often genetic but sometimes __________ and other teratogenic plants like (give examples)… or maternal exposure to drugs during pregnancy like (give examples) can be causes.
A
Oral cavity congenital anomalies are often genetic but sometimes TOXINS and other teratogenic plants like LUPINES AND POISON HEMLOCK… or maternal exposure to drugs during pregnancy like GRISEOFULVIN & STEROIDS can be causes.
9
Q
Palatoschisis is due to…
A
a central defect in the midline fusion of the palatine shelves resulting in communication btwn the oral and nasal cavity.
10
Q
Malocclusions are due to…
A
failure of proper interdigitation of the upper and lower incisors.
11
Q
Short lower jaw can be called…
A
brachygnathia
12
Q
Malocclusions may result in…
A
difficulties in the prehension and mastication of food.
13
Q
Protrusion of the lower jaw can be called…
A
Prognathia
14
Q
Disease of the oral cavity…
A
Dental attrition
Periodontal disease
15
Q
What is dental attrition?
A
loss of tooth structure caused by mastication…tooth wear
16
Q
abnormal wearing of the teeth is most common in….
A
herbivores
17
Q
Dental attrition results in…
A
“step mouth”
18
Q
Pathogenesis of Periodontal disease..
A
resident bacterial films and the acid and enzymes they produce lead to enamel, gingival, and periodontal ligament damage –> dental plaque (saliva can no longer get rid of the acidic material) –> dental calculus (tartar –> mineralized dental plaque)
19
Q
Periodontal disease leads to…
A
dental plaque and dental calculus/tartar
20
Q
Gingival hypoplasia is often times associated w/…
A
alveolar(?) bone reduction
21
Q
Primary disease of the tongue are (rare/common). The exception is…
A
Primary disease of the tongue is rare. The exception is Actinobacillosis.
22
Q
Actinobacillosis results in…
A
chronic stomatitis –> “Wooden Tongue”, primarily in cattle
23
Q
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels is called…
A
lymphangitis.
24
Q
Actinobacillosis –> Pyrogranulomatous stomatitis –> what does it do to the tongue?
A
Tongue increased in size and consistency –> Wooden Tongue
- hypersalivation
- animals cannot masticate properly –> see wt. loss
25
What is very characteristic of Wooden Tongue?
Granulomas on the dorsal surface of the tongue. **It started as a lymphangitis!**
26
Histologically describe Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenum...
radiating clubs of amorphous eosinophilic material around the center of a granuloma
27
Actinobacillosis starts as a pyogranulomatous...
glossitis.
28
Thrush (Candidiasis) is often observed in (Young/Old) animals treated with antibiotics for (long/short) periods of time, or animals with (underlying/acute) debilitating diseases.
Thrush (Candidiasis) is often observed in Young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time, or animals with underlying debilitating diseases.
29
Thrush usually results in a (hyper/hypo) keratosis and is common in (immunocompromised/healthy) individuals.
Thrush usually results in a hyperkeratosis and is common in immunocompromised individuals.
30
Lingual lesions are often a manifestation of a systemic disease like uremic glossitis, BVD, or other viral infections like FMD. What do you see in uremic glossitis?
```
BUN is increased in the area - - can smell it!
usually secondary to vasculitis
uremia
symmetrical
ventral surface
```
31
BVD can result in oral ulcerations...where? What can happen neurologically?
tongue ulcerations
| cerebellar hypoplasia - neurologically
32
Possible agents that result in oral cavity probs...
```
chemical injury
infectious agents
trauma
auto-immune
idiopathic
```
33
Cat mouth (GROSS) w/ bright red and enlarged gingival areas..this is called...the specific type is called?
gingivitis and stomatitis
| lymphoplasmacytic type gingivitis
34
Describe Lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis & stomatitis histologically...
increased plasma cells, increased lymphocytes
35
Cats with lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis & stomatitis are associated with what other diseases?
FeLV or FIV positive cats
FCV
Feline eosinophilic granulomas
36
Your patient is a Cat presenting w/ CS: oral pain, dysphagia, ptyalism, and wt. loss
Chronic gingivo-stomatitis (FCGS). What is the etiology?
Etiology unclear!
| Dental plaque, FCV, and immune-mediated mechanisms appear to be involved. FCGS is also common in FIV positive cats.
37
Dog with hyperemia and thickening of gingiva (most common in older dogs) that sometimes results in ulcerations....
chronic ulcerative lymphoplasmacytic paradental stomatitis
38
What is the treatment for lymphoplasmacytic parental stomatitis?
partial-mouth extraction or full-mouth extraction and debridement of the associated soft and hard tissues is the only txt to provide lasting improvement and aid in overall longterm control
39
What do you need to rule-out when suspecting Vesicular stomatitides in small animal vs. large animal?
observed in oral cavity of cats and dogs
- rule out immune-mediated diseases
- in cats: often result of calicivirus infection
in large animal/food animal...
-rule out major viral diseases which are usually non-fatal but result in huge economic loss
40
vesicle vs. bulla
vesicle - raised lesion up to 1 cm in diameter filled with clear serous fluid
bulla - larger than 1 cm diameter
41
Pathogenesis of vesicular stomatitides...
viral-induced epithelial damage --> intracellular edema in keratinocytes (ballooning degeneration) --> vesicles --> bulla --> rupture leads to erosion and ulceration
sometimes there are more inflammatory cells/debris in the vesicle --> pustule
42
Vesicular glossitis in a cat is associated/indicates...
calicivirus infection
43
Differentials for vesicular diseases...
FMD (picornavirus) - cloven-hoofed animals (NOT horses)
Vesicular Stomatitis (rhabdovirus) - ruminants, pigs, horses
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (calicivirus) - pigs ONLY
Swine Vesicular Disease (enterovirus) - pigs ONLY
These are REPORTABLE diseases in the US and Canada.
44
FMD characteristics...
Exotic/FAD
highly contagious
High morbidity, Low mortality
45
Pathogenesis of FMD...
Virus ingestion/inhalation --> pharynx --> viremia --> oral mucosa & epidermal sites --> lesions develop in areas subject to mechanical injury
46
Clinical signs of FMD...
drooling saliva (ptyalism) and lameness
47
Malignant form of FMD...
w/out vesiculation
young animals - "tiger heart"
myocardial necrosis
48
In a pig, you notice lameness. You observe non painful ulcerative lesions around their hooves in some animals and painful ruptured lesions in others. Disease?
FMD
49
In a pig, with ulcerative lesions around the snout. What are your two differentials?
```
FMD
Vesicular exanthema (swine)
```
50
Erosive-Ulcerative stomatitides...
characteristic virus with oral lesions: bovine viral diarrhea (pestivirus)
- multifocal to coalescing areas of ulceration
- may also see tongue lesions w/ BVD
Malignant Catarrhal Fever (herpesvirus)
- virus targets endothelium (blood vessels)
- lesions in oral cavity, blood vessels of esophagus or other areas
- characteristic lesions in pulmonary artery
MDx: epithelial necrosis
51
Papular Stomatitides characteristics, MDx, Etiology, Histo....
papules on the nares, muzzle, oral cavity
usually immunosuppressed animals
papular stomatitis - - proliferation "coin-shaped papules and ulcers"
Parapoxvirus
-intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and ballooning degeneration
52
Papular Stomatitides MDx:
papular stomatitis
53
Papular Stomatitides Etiology:
parapoxvirus
54
Papular Stomatitides Histo.:
intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and ballooning degeneration
55
Contagious Exanthema aka Cantagious viral pustular dermatitis, ORF, or "sore mouth" characteristics
```
contagious
parapoxvirus
zoonotic
superficial dermatitis around the oral cavity -- ulceration and crusting in lip and nasal areas (can see it in the lungs)
loss of condition
high morbidity and low mortality
lambs, goat kids 3-6 months old
```
56
Inflammation of the lip...
cheilitis
57
Inflammation of the tongue...
glossitis
58
Inflammation of oral cavity...
stomatitis
59
A goat mother has an ulcerated, crusty lesion on her teat. You also notice her 3 month old kids have oral crusting and are in poor condition. Disease?
ORF - Contagious Exanthema
60
ORF lesions...
develop in sites of trauma (corners of mouth...)
61
Necrotizing stomatitis...
Oral necrobacillosis - - Fusobacterium necrophorum
-bacterial toxins (very necrotic) are responsible for severe lesions - - high neutrophils at site of injury
ruminants (calves and lambs) - - lesions normally in the oral cavity
62
Oral necrobacillosis in a calf is also called...
calf diptheria - ulcerative and necrotizing inflammation of the buccal pharyngeal and laryngeal....
63
Feline eosinophilic granuloma characteristics...
complex including eosinophilic granuloma, labial and "rodent" ulcers
lesions localized on the lip can also be on the palate
64
Feline eosinophilic granulomas histologically...
macrophages
| bi-lobed nuclei in cells
65
Non-neoplastic proliferative lesions of the oral cavity...
gingival hyperplasia
66
Epulis...What the hell is Epulis?
Epulis: tumors of the periodontal ligament type storm
67
Fibromatous and ossifying apples are....
benign
68
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma (previously known as acanthomatous epulis) are locally _______ and often recur after _______.
locally aggressive
| recur after excision
69
Canine Oral Papillomatosis...
papovavirus-induced papilliform or cauliflower...
70
Canine Oral Papillomas histologically...
finger-like projections from epithelium
proliferative
benign neoplasm
verrucous lesion with thick keratin layers on the surface of stratified squamous epithelium covering pedunculated....
71
Oral melanomas...
very frequent in dogs
72
What percentage of oral melanomas are malignant?
90%
metastasize, very aggressive, recur after removal, can go ANYWHERE!
hematogenous and lymphatic routes utilized to travel through the body
73
Small breeds and oral pigmentation are predisposing factors for...
oral melanomas
74
Amelanotic melanoma...
do not contain melanin pigment making it harder to diagnose
| can ulcerate and become necrotic - - more malignant and invasive - - cells are less differentiated
75
cells that are less differentiated are replicating very _____
replicating very fast!
76
Congenital megaesophagus is caused by...
a persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
77
T/F - Myasthenia gravis is a defect in acetylcholine receptors preventing muscles from being able to contract.
Truth!
78
Whenever you see an esophagus that is a whitish discoloration (normal is a pinkish color) and severe reddish areas you may have reflux esophagitis. What happened?
Gastric fluids refluxed into the esophagus.
The esophagus will add keratin to itself for protection (hyperkeratosis). The acids are irritating and destroy the surface mucosa - lines of erosion - mucosa is eroded on the surface.
79
```
Hypertrophic osteopathy (HOD) is associated with...
What 2 things do you also think about w/ dogs and horses w/ HOD?
```
chronic inflammation or neoplasia of the thoracic cavity
rhabdomyosarcoma in dogs
_______________ in horses
80
Spirocerca lupi in dogs causes a parasitic esophagitis. What does it result in?
How do the spirocerca lupi larvae get to the esophagus?
granulomatous esophagitis which occasionally leads to neoplastic transformation - - forms a sarcomatous lesion - - osteosarcoma or fibrosarcoma
they travel through the stomach wall into blood vessels and the 4th stage larvae is released into the esophagus
81
Ruminal tympany or bloat is...
over-distension of the rumen and reticulum by gases produced during fermentation
82
Ruminal tympany/bloat can be primary or secondary. What is primary? What is secondary?
Primary - associated w/ new diets promoting formation of stable foam - - cannot be regurgitated
Secondary - caused by physical obstruction (esophagus, etc.) can result in choke and failure to eruct ate (vagus indigestion, esophageal papillomas, lymphosarcoma, etc.)
83
Dr. Bolfa calls luminal tympany/bloat what?
Papple
84
"Bloat line" is the most reliable post-mortem indicator of (post-mortem/anti-mortem) bloat.
"Bloat Line" is the most reliable post-mortem indicator of ante-mortem bloat. **KNOW WHAT THIS LOOKS LIKE**
85
T/F - Chronic pericarditis and epicarditis are not an unusual complication.
Truth!
86
What change involving four-stomachs is AKA lactic acidosis and is caused by grain overload?
Chemical rumenitis
87
What are characteristics of chemical rumenitis?
necrosis is the first stage (superficial change)
strictly affects mucosal epithelium resulting in the formation of pustules - transformation of the vesicles by infiltrating of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
88
How do you check a cow for rumenal acidosis?
the mucosa can be peeled off easily with lactic acidosis (not normally felt) - - this is a post-mortem change
there is also a very acidic smell
mucosa detaches easily bc it is mainly necrotizing with a sub epidermal cleft
89
Rumenal scars are AKA...
stellate ulcers
90
Areas of epithelial necrosis in the rumen heal by fibrous connective tissue called...
stellate ulcers.
91
Gastric dilation-volvulus is a life threatening condition. It is most common in...
large deep-chested breeds of dogs
| sows (after excessive intake of food and water and physical activity)
92
After gastric dilation-volvulus what happens?
venous infarction
- venous blood pools
- EMERGENCY!
93
Abomasal displacement occurs most often in....on what side?
Occurs most often in post-parturient dairy cows and calves
| on the LEFT side
94
Approximately 15% of Right-sided abomasal displacement results in...
abomasal volvulus
95
AD leads to...
abdominal pain, elevated heart rate, anorexia, dehydration, depressed peristalsis
96
Most cases of gastric rupture in horses are due to...
intestinal obstructions (ileus) --> adynamic (paralytic) or mechanical ileus
97
Adynamic ileum results from...
inhibition of bowel motility more commonly caused by peritonitis.
98
How do you differentiate ante-mortem from post-mortem rupture?
reddish/blackish attached food with some hemorrhage and necrosis - - ante-mortem
pale/normal color with just a fissure/opening - - post-mortem due to pressure/gas accumulation
99
In horses, chronic diaphragmatic hernia of the stomach can lead to...
gastric rupture into the thoracic cavity and death
100
Horses that eat persimmons...
Gastric impaction and rupture
101
Pigs fed finely ground rations with high wheat components in their feed; high copper, high starch; low proteins; high dietary unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)...
gastric ulceration
102
Ulceration =
Necrosis
103
Chronic ulcers characteristics...
steep margins
104
Blood in feces...if it is black it is due to
gastric bleeding
105
Histamine and Stress in swine can cause...
gastric ulceration and gastric rupture (#2 - second to horses)
106
Horse stomachs have 2 parts...
squamous (closest to esophagus) and glandular part (closest to duodenum)
107
What is the most frequent cause of Gastric ulcerations in the pars glandular of the horse? Pathogenesis?
NSAIDs - - Decreases prostaglandin production--> vasoconstriction --> ischemic necrosis
108
What other pathognomonic lesion is caused by NSAID use in the horse?
Kidney! Medullary crest!
109
In dogs and cats, what lesions may lead to gastric ulcerations?
Cutaneous mast-cell tumors
110
Gastric Ulcerations can be caused by Mast cells release of....what is the pathogenesis?
high levels of histamine in blood --> histamine binds to receptors on parietal cells of stomach --> increase HCl secretion
111
T/F - Gastrin-secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors or gastrinomas also result in increased secretions on gastric acids.
Truth!
112
Mast cell tumors can be histologically diagnosed by...
increased esoinophils and collagenolysis
113
Endotoxemia or bacterial sepsis in ruminants and horses can cause...DDx in all species/in swine?
gastric venous infarction --> thrombosis and hemorrhage
Salmonella and E. coli (in all species)
In pigs - - Erysipelas rhusiopathiae and Glasser's (Histophilus somni), Swine Dysentery (Brachyspira)
114
Uremic gastropathy is due to increased.....in cats.
BUN
115
2 yo dog with familial renal disease or uremic gastritis...use what stain to demonstrate widespread gastric mineralization where?
Von-Kossa stain
- stomatitis
- left ventricle mural myocarditis
- pneumonitis
- thrombosis
116
In lambs that were recently released to the pasture and have just ingested grass, abomasitis is caused by...
Clostridium septicum
117
What is bacterial gastritis/abomasitis called?
Braxy
118
Acquired Stenosis in a pig is most commonly caused by..
chronic salmonellosis
| S. typhimurium
119
Phytobezars...
Horses
found in the colon
composed primarily of plant material plus phosphate salts
120
Hernia...
protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through an abnormal opening
121
eventuation means...
if the displaced abdominal contents are not covered by parietal peritoneum or skin
122
Diaphragmatic hernia due to trauma...
herniation of the liver and loops of small intestine more common
123
Left colonic torsion...
horses --> ischemic changes --> severe colic
124
Pathogenesis of Pedunculated Lipomas...
hang from dorsal aspect of abdominal cavity --> wrap around intestine --> intestinal strangulation
125
A horse presents with severe colic and is unresponsive to palliative treatment to control the pain. Necropsy shows a weird relationship between the cecum and colon...
cecocolonic intussusception
