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organic chemsitry > Alkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Flashcards

1
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

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2
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Contains no double bonds.

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3
Q

What is petroleum?

A

Crude oil - a mixture of different length hydrocarbons.

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4
Q

Is the fractioning column cooler towards the top or bottom?

A

Cooler towards the top.

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5
Q

What length hydrocarbons exit the column at the top?

A

Shortest.

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6
Q

Why do short chain hydrocarbons exit at the top?

A

They have a lower boiling point.

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7
Q

What are the uses for gases?

A

*liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
*camping gas

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8
Q

What is the use for petrol (gasoline)?

A

Petrol in vehicles.

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9
Q

What is the use for naptha?

A

Processed to make petrochemicals.

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10
Q

What are the uses for kerosene (paraffin)?

A

*jet fuels
*petrochemicals
*central heating fuel

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11
Q

What are the uses for diesel oil?

A

*diesel fuel
*central heating fuel

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12
Q

What is the use for mineral oil?

A

Lubricating oil.

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13
Q

What are the uses for bitumen?

A

*roofing
*road surfacing

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14
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking longer chain alkanes into shorter chain hydrocarbons.

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15
Q

What are the conditions in thermal cracking?

A

*high temperature (1000°C)
*high pressure (70atm)

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16
Q

What are the main products of thermal cracking?

A

Alkenes.

17
Q

What are the products of thermal cracking used for?

A

Making polymers (plastics).

18
Q

What are the conditions in catalytic cracking?

A

*high temperature (450°C)
*slight pressure
*zeolite catalyst

19
Q

What are the main products of catalytic cracking?

A

*aromatic hydrocarbons
*motor fuels

20
Q

What does the catalyst in catalytic cracking enable?

A

*lower pressure and temperature
*lower cost
*faster reaction

21
Q

Why are alkanes good fuels?

A

Most burn readily and produce large amounts of energy.

22
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

23
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

*carbon monoxide (+ water)
*carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (+ water)
*carbon/soot (+water)

24
Q

How does a catalytic converter remove carbon monoxide?

A

It reacts it with oxygen to make carbon dioxide (less harmful).

25
Q

Describe the greenhouse effect.

A

Carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases) absorbs infra red radiation from the sun and emit some of it back to earth, making it warmer.

26
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen produced?

A

High pressures and temperatures in the engine cause nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react together.

27
Q

How do nitrogen oxides increase smog?

A

Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react in sunlight, forming ground-level ozone (O3), which is a major component of smog.

28
Q

What problems does ground-level ozone cause?

A

*irritates eyes
*aggrevates respiratory problems
*causes lung damage

29
Q

How is acid rain formed?

A

*sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide when fossil fuels burnt
*rises into the atmosphere and combines with water vapor to form sulfuric acid
*also happens with nitrogen oxides, which form nitric acid

30
Q

What problems does acid rain cause?

A

*damages vegetation
*kills aquatic life
*erodes limestone builidings

31
Q

What does a catalytic converter do?

A

Reduce the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

32
Q

What is wet scrubbing?

A

Using an alkali to neutralise sulfur dioxide in flue gases.

33
Q

How is sulfur dioxide removed from flue gases?

A

*calcium carbonate/oxide is dissolved in water to from alkaline slurry
*spayed on flue gases
*sulfur dioxide reacts with calcium compounds and forms calcium sulphite

34
Q

What are the steps involved in free radical substitution?

A

*initiation
*propagation
*termination

organic chemsitry (13 decks)

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