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Organic chemsitry > Carboxylic acids and esters > Flashcards

Carboxylic acids and esters Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

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2
Q

How do you name carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid.

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3
Q

Are carboxylic acids soluble in water? Why?

A

Yes - the acid group forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

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4
Q

What are the intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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5
Q

What are esters formed from?

A

Carboxylic acids and alcohols.

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6
Q

What is the functional group of on ester?

A

COO-

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7
Q

What is the general formula of an ester?

A

RCOOR’

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8
Q

Write an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with propan-1-ol.

A

CH3COOH + CH3CH2CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 + H2O

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9
Q

How do you name esters?

A

Start is from alcohol, end is from carboxylic acid.

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10
Q

What physical properties do esters have?

A

*volatile
*pleasant fruity smell

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11
Q

What are some uses of esters?

A

*flavourings
*perfumes
*solvents
*plasticisers

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12
Q

What are some common natural esters?

A

Fats and oils.

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13
Q

Draw a diagram showing the way a carboxylic acid is polarised.

A

…

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14
Q

Write an equation for the equilibrium formed by ethanoic acid in solution.

A

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

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15
Q

What happens to the negative charge on the ethanoate ion in terms of electrons?

A

Electrons delocalise so the negative charge is shared across the whole of the carboxylate group.

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16
Q

How would you distinguish between carboxylic acids and other compounds containing -OH?

A

Add NaHCO3 - acids will produce sodium, salt, water and carbon dioxide.

17
Q

Write an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with NaOH.

A

CH3COOH + NaOH → H2O + CH3COO-Na+

18
Q

Write an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with Na2CO3.

A

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COO-Na+ + CO2

19
Q

What catalyst is needed for the formation of esters from alcohols and carboxylic acids?

A

Concentrated strong acid (e.g. H2SO4).

20
Q

What catalyst is needed for the hydrolysis of esters?

A

Dilute strong acid.

21
Q

What is an alternative method of hydrolysis?

A

Base hydrolysis.

22
Q

What are the advantages of base hydrolysis?

A

Reaction goes to completion due to neutralisation by the base - more product in the mixture than acid-catalysed hydrolysis.

23
Q

Which alcohol forms the esters that make up animal and vegetable oils?

A

Glycerol/propane-1,2,3-triol

24
Q

What is the difference between oil and fat?

A

*at room temp, oils are liquid, fats are solid
*fats are saturated, oils are not

25
Q

What are the products of hydrolysing fats and oils?

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol and sodium salts of the acids that make up the ester.

26
Q

What are the uses of the products of hydrolysis of fats and oils?

A

Soaps and cleaning products.

27
Q

What does the long hydrocarbon chain of the carboxylate ion do?

A

Mixes with grease.

28
Q

What does the COO- group do?

A

Mixes with water.

29
Q

How does the carboxylate ion with a long carbon chain make a good cleaning agent?

A

Means that grease can be removed from water.

30
Q

What is the systematic name of glycerol?

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol.

31
Q

What are some common uses of glycerol?

A

*pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations
*solvent in medicines (toothpaste)
*solvent in food industry (food colouring)
*plasticising various material (sheets, gaskets, cellophane, paper)

32
Q

What is the equation for making biodiesel?

A

lipids + 3CH3OH → 3 methylesters + glycerol

33
Q

What are the conditions for making biodiesel?

A

*NaOH catalyst
*60°C

34
Q

What is transesterification?

A

Converting one type of ester to another.

35
Q

What kind of crops is biodiesel made from?

A

*rapeseed oil
*soybean oil

36
Q

How is the reaction mixture of biodiesel purified and separated?

A

*settling tank/centrifuge
*remove remainder with water
*add acid to neutralise excess alkali catalyst
*solid soap is formed (easy to remove)

37
Q

What is a problem with producing biodiesel?

A

Is is using crops that could be used for food.

38
Q

What are carboxylic acid derivatives?

A

Molecules that have the acyl group as part of their structure, formed from carboxylic acids.

Organic chemsitry (13 decks)

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