All Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
totipontent Stem Cells
A
differentiate into anything
2
Q
pluripotent stem cells
A
differentiate into anything minus embryonic tussue
3
Q
multipotent stem cells
A
differentiate into related cells
4
Q
unipotent stem cells
A
cant differentiate but will renew
5
Q
paramecium metabolism
A
food particles enclosed into vacuoles w digestive enzymes
6
Q
paramecium reproduction
A
asexual
7
Q
paramecium response
A
cillia help it move
8
Q
paramecium homeostasis
A
gasses entre and leave through diffusion
9
Q
paramecium excretion
A
solid waste leaves through anal pore
liquid waste through contractile vacuoles
10
Q
paramecium nutrition
A
enulf food through membrous feeding grove (cytosome)
11
Q
chlorella metabolism
A
in cytoplasm
12
Q
chlorella reproduction
A
cell division by mitosis
13
Q
chlorella response
A
wave action of cillia
14
Q
chlorella homeostasis
A
contractive vacuole fills up and expels water through plasma mebrane
15
Q
chlorella excretion
A
plasma mebrane controls diffusion
16
Q
chlorella nutrition
A
photosynthesis
17
Q
chlorella growth
A
will get bigger after consuming biomass and divide
18
Q
parts of a prokaryote
A
capsule
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
70s ribosomes
nucleoid
plasmid
pilli
flagella
19
Q
parts of a eukaryote
A
80s ribosomes
RER
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
nucleus
lysosome
centrioles
vacuole
cell wall
chloroplast
centromeres
20
Q
what does a ribosome do
A
protein synthesis
21
Q
what does a pilli do
A
communication, dNA exchange, attachement
22
Q
what does ReR do
A
protein modifications
23
Q
what does a golgi apparatus do
A
protein packaging
24
Q
what do lysosomes do
A
store enzymes
25
differences prokaryote eukaryote
pro:
naked DNA, in nucleoid, circular
no membrane bound structures
plasmids present, not mitochondria
small ribosomes
divide through binary fussion
euk:
wrapped DNA in nuclear region, linear
membrane bound structures
no plasmids, mitochondria
larger ribosomes
divide through mitosis
26
parts of cell membrane
phospholipids
carrier protein
channel protein
peripheral protein
cholesterol
glycoprotein
27
what does cholesterol do
only in animals ->
controls fluidity of membrane, prevents crystalization
28
what do glycoprotein do
act in cell-cell recognition and binding of other molecules
29
integral proteins
permanently attached to phospholipid bilayer.
function: movement of molecules and transduction of energy and signals
30
peripheral proteins
temporarily attached to phospholipid 2layer.
function: allow cells to coordinate and communicate using networks of proteins
31
functions of proteins in cell membrane
JET RAT
Junctions
Enzymes
Transport
Recognition
Anchorage
Transduction
32
what made davson and danielli realize they were wrong
freeze fracture and radioactive antibodies proved that proteins spanned both layers
33
types of membrane transport
passive:
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
active transport
uses ATP, endocytosis and exocytosis
34
endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells evovled from prokaryotic cells through a symbiotic process
explains evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts
35
what did pasteur prove wrong
the theory of spontaneous generation
36
part of interphase
G1, S phase and G2
37
what happens in G1
growth and metabolism
- increase cytoplasm volume
- organelles produced
- protein synthesized
38
what happens in s phase
replication of dna
39
what happens in G2
growth and metabolism
- same as G1
40
what does mitosis result in
2 identical diploid nuclei
41
what is mitosis needed for
tissue repair, organis, growth, asexual reproduction and development of embryos
42
parts of mitosis
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
43
prophase
DNA supercoils and condenses
nuclear membrane dissolves
centrosomes move to poles & start making spindles
44
metaphase
spindle fibres attach to chromosomes and move them outwards to form one line among the middle of the cell
45
anaphase
spindle fibres contract and separate the sister chromatids
46
telophase
chromosomes decondense and nuclear membrane form around the two identical chromosome sets
47
cytokinesis
divide cells into 2 identical daughter cells. different in animals and plants
48
cytokinesis in animals
contractile proteins form microfilaments that contract the plasma membrane towards teh center of the cell, creating a furrow that eventually breaks
49
cytokinesis in plants
carbohydrate-rich vesicles form in a row at the centre of the cell, they fuse together and form a rudimentary cell wall that later expands and separates the cells
50
miotic index
number of cells in mitosis/total # of cells
51
what are cyclins
proteins that control progression of cell cycle
52
what do cyclins do
bind to cyclin dependent kinases (CDK), become active and attach to phophate group which triggers other cells to become active and carry tasks. then cyclin degrades and stops
53
what does cyclin d do
assemble protein for DNA replication
54
what does cyclin e do
activate dna replication
55
what does cyclin a do
promote progression throughout cycle
56
what does cyclin b do
initiate mitosis
57
what are mutagens
agents that cause change in genetic material of cells (can be biological, physical or chemical)
58
what are oncogenes
mutated genes
59
what is metassis
when the primary tumor moves around and becomes a dangerous (malignant) tumor
60
what is phosphorus needed for
nucleic acids, phospholipids. component of ATP
61
what is iron needed for
oxygen transport in blood, photosynthesis and enzymes
62
what is sodium needed for
nerve impulses in nervious system, moving the flagellum
63
alpha glucose is..
less stable, higher energy, low melting point
64
beta glucose is...
more stable, less energy, higher melting point
65
carbs are made up of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1)
66
when, by whom and how was urea inorganically made
1828 by Franklin Woehler through heating an inorganic salt
67
starch and glycogen are..
polymers of alpha glucose
68
what are the two forms for starch
amylopectin and amylose
69
glycogen's function
found in animals in the liver as glucose storage
70
cellulose is..
a polymer of beta glucose
71
carbohydrates are the ---- while lipids are the ----
| In terms of energy production when broken down
wallet, bank
72
properties of fibrous proteins
long/narrow
structural (give strength/support)
insoluble in water
repetitive amino acid sequence
stable
ex. collagen, keratin
73
properties of globular proteins
rounded/spherical
functional (calaysis, transport)
soluble in water
irregular amino acid sequence
sensitive to changes in pH, heat
ex. insulin, haemoglobin
74
what is ATP split into to release energy
ADP + phosphate
75
human equation anaerobic respiration
glucose -> lactic acid -> lactase
76
plant equation anaerobic respiration
glucose -> ethanol -> CO2
77
pros of anerobic respiration
can be broken down quickly and without oxygen
78
cons of anaerobic respiration
low atp yield, produces toxic byproducts
79
anaerobic respiration in bread
after kneading, dough is kept warm to encourage yeast respiration. eventually oxgen runs out and anerobic resp starts. CO2 creates gas bubbles, ethanol is created but evaporates.
80
ATP full name
adenosine triphosphate
81
what does 'oxygen debt' mean in relation to anaerobic respiration
the amount of oxygen that you have to breathe back in to break down the lactase created in anaerobic respiration
82
what are the 4 nitrous bases in DNA
adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine
83
what are nucleic acids
biomolecules responsible for DNA information storage
84
what are adenine and guanine
purins
85
what are thymine and cytosine
pyrimidins
86
types of RNA
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
87
what is rRNA
ribosomal RNA
structural component of ribosomes
found in cytoplasm
88
what is tRNA
transfer RNA
linkage between mRNA and amino acids
transfers amino acids to ribosomes
found in cytoplasm
89
what is mRNA
messanger RNA
carries DNA sequence information to ribosomes
found in nucleus and ribosomes
90
what are histones
proteins that wrap around DNA to protect it and control gene expression
91
what causes sickle cell disease
a base substitution mutation in the dna code
CCT GAG GAG -> CCT GTG GAG
that causes amino acids pro-val-gluac to be produced instead of pro-val-val
92
consequences of sickle cell disease
moon shaped haemoglobin, less able to transport oxygen since less surface area but are also unable to carry malaria
93
what is the human genome project
a 13 year international effort to map out the entire base sequence of human genes
94
define gene locus
a specific position of a gene on a chromosome
95
define chromosome
a DNA molecule that carries genes and contains proteins. humans have 46
96
steps of PCR
denaturation
annealing
elongation
97
what is used in PCR replication
Taq DNA polymerase
98
how does gel electrophoresis work
- samples of dna placed nto walls of a gel
- stained w antibodies so visible
- gel placed in conducting fluid w current
- molecules move thru based on size & charge
- transferred to solid support membrane & stained again
99
what is a VNTR
Variable number tandem repeats
100
