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Vocab Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Cumulative change

A

Small changes upon small changes over generations

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2
Q

Heritable characteristics

A

Gene-controlled factors

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3
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

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4
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor

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5
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Similarities that come from performing a similar function, NOT from a common ancestor.

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6
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

An organ that used to be needed but it no longer used

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7
Q

Archaeopteryx lithographica

A

The first found fossil with feathers

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8
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.

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9
Q

Pentadactyl limb

A

An example of a homologous structure. Several animals had a common ancestor, shown through the bones in their ‘arms’, even though they are all used for different things

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10
Q

Speciation

A

When a group becomes genetically different enough to be considered another species

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11
Q

Viable

A

Capable of working successfully

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12
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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13
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

A 2-word naming system

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14
Q

Clade

A

A type of phylogenetic classification based on evolutionary relationships. A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a group of related organisms. Represented in a phylogenetic tree

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16
Q

Homology

A

A similarity in different species that results from a common ancestor

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17
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of DNA or genetic material in an organism

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18
Q

Proteome

A

The complete set of proteins made by an organism

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19
Q

Community

A

A population in which living organisms interact with each other in a specific area

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20
Q

Ecosystem

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

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21
Q

Biotic

A

Relating or resulting from living things, especially in their ecological relations

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22
Q

Abiotic

A

Physical rather than biological, not derived from living organisms (like air, sun water)

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23
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Different gene sequences being expressed in cells to carry out different functions

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24
Q

Saprophyte

A

Heterotrophs that obtain nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion

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25
Metabolism
The net of all enzyme-catalysed reactions in the body
26
Catabolism
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
27
Anabolism
The synthesis of smaller molecules into larger ones
28
Exocytosis
To exit the cell in a small bag of the membrane material
29
Endocytosis
To enter the cell in a pouch of the same material as membrane
30
Isotonic
Normal levels of water within a cell
31
Hypotonic
Too much water within a cell
32
Hypertonic
Too little water within a cell
33
DNA
Used to store genetic information
34
RNA
Carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes create proteins
35
Glycosidic Bonds
Used for carbohydrates
36
Peptide Bond
Used in proteins
37
Ester bond
Used in lipids
38
Metabolism
All enzyme-controlled reactions that take place inside a living organism
39
Hydrolisis Reaction
Breaking of chemical bonds by adding water molecules
40
Condensation Reaction
2 smaller molecules join into one big one and produce water
41
Hydrophilic
Water loving
42
Hydrophobic
Afraid of water
43
Cohesion
- Water molecules stick to each other because of hydrogen bonds - Gives water a high surface tension
44
Adhesion
- Interaction between water molecules and other molecules - Form hydrogen bonds with other polar compounds - Responsible for capillary action
45
Thermal Properties
- High heat capacity because of hydrogen bonds - High energy from heat required to break said bonds --> 100C boiling point
46
Solvent
- Can dissolve ionic and polar compounds - Helps to transport mineral ions along xylem vessels
47
Globular Proteins
- Globe like - Play active roles on metabolism - Consist of complex polypeptide chains - Usually soluble in water
48
Fibrous Proteins
- Long and thread like - Typically insoluble - Found in structural parts of the skin
49
Archea
- Very old bacteria - Lack nucleus and organelles - Unicellular
50
Eubacteria
- Regular bacteria - Chromosomes are circular - Lacks nucleus and organelles - Unicellular
51
Eukarya
- Animals, plants and fungi - Uni or multi cellular
52
Totipotent Stem Cells
- Can differentiate into any type of cell including placental cells - Can give rise to a complete organism (8 cells of morula, fertilized egg)
53
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Can differentiate into all body cells byt cannot give rise to a whole new organism (embryonic stem cells)
54
Multipotent Stem Cells
Can differentiate into a few closely related types of body cell (umbilical cord cells)
55
Unipotent Stem Cells
Can only differentiate into their associated cell type (liver stem cells)
56
Amphipatic Molecule
A molecule that has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
57
Integral Protein
- Amphipatic, embedded in the plasma membrane - Polar (hydrophilic) attached to the outside of the membrane
58
Channel Protein
- Allow passive transport in/out of the cell
59
Carriers
- Bind to substances on one side and change shape to transport them to the other side - Those that use energy to change shape are called protein pumps
60
Recognition
Help the cell in differentiating between self and non-self cells
61
Receptors
Relay information from the inside or outside of the cell
62
Enzymes
Act as catalysts, enhance the rate of reactions
63
Glycolipids
- A phospholipid and carbohydrate attached together - Important in maintaining the structure of cell membrane and differentiating self/ non self
64
Cholesterol
- Required in the body to synthesize some hormones - It is a steroid made up of a non-polar part, a hydrocarbon tail and a polar hydroxyl group -> amphipatic molecule - Restricts the movement of phospholipids and other molecules, reducing fluidity - However it also disrupts the regular packing of hydrocarbon tails which presents the solidification of the membrane
65
Endosymbiotic
- Theory supports the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were initially prokaryotes that were taken in by larger prokaryotes through endocytosis - Instead of being digested the cells remained inside the host cell and eventually integrated
66
Carbon Sink
A reservoir which absorbs more carbon than it releases
67
Anoxia
Low levels of oxygen
68
Hypoxia
Lots of oxygen
69
Methanogens
Prokaryotic cells that produce methane as a byproduct of their anaerobic respiration
70
Chemoautotrophy
Gets nutrients through chemosynthesis (using chemicals)
71
Cellular Respiration
Breaks down carbon compounds to form ATP
72
ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate - An immediately usable energy molecule used to support chemical reactions in the body for growth and homeostasis
73
Symbiosis
A close ecological relationship between the individuals or two (or more) different species

Biology (7 decks)

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