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immuno test 2 > All of them! > Flashcards

All of them! Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Proper response to fungi

A

Neutrophils, Th1 - granuloma

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2
Q

Cyclosporine?

A

Drug for immunosuppression - inhibits IL-2 and INF-gamma

Nephrotoxic

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3
Q

Treating acute GVHD

A

Remove mature T cells from bone marrow in vitro

Treat with anti-CD3 Ab

This also reduces chance of engraftment…

Some GVHD good b/c rids pt of remaining cancers

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4
Q

Autologous bone marrow transplantation

A

Administer G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

Puts bone marrow stem cells to blood, extract it, can use later as bone marrow transplant stuff

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5
Q

How does trophoblast keep NK cells from killing it?

A

Trophoblast cells lack paternal MHC

HLA-G, an MHC 1-like protein, prevents NK activation where no MHC expression occurs

Secrete TGF-beta

Prevent tryptophan from crossing placenta - starves T-cells
- done by INDOLAMINE 2,3-DIOXYGENASE

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6
Q

Abnormalities predisposing to autoimmune diseases

A

Abnormalities of lymphocytes and APC’s

Genetic predisposition

Microbial infections (viruses)

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7
Q

What causes rheumatic fever?

A

Cross-reaction of streptococcal Ab with heart valve tissue

molecular mimicry

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8
Q

Cell types of sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias

A

muscle, fat, fibroblasts
lymphoma - solid lympoid tissue
leukemia - lymphocytes and hematopoietic cells

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9
Q

Tumor Specific Antigen

A

unique to particular tumor, not present in other cell types
due to point mutations/gene rearrangements

not common in human tumors

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10
Q

Tumor Associated Antigens

A

Antigens shared by different tumors, also found on normal tissues

Oncofetal antigens - on fetal tissues, not adult tissues
Alpha fetal protein - certain liver cancers
Carcinoembryonic antigen - increased in colon cancer and smokers

NOT THERAPEUTIC TARGERS; USEFUL FOR DETECTION AND MONITORING TREATMENT

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11
Q

Differentiation antigens

A

Aid in diagnosing tumor cell origin of certain tumors

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12
Q

Does immune system respond to spontaneous tumors?

A

Not really

Rarely cause inflammation, don’t elicit co-stimulatory molecules; many tumors don’t express unique antigenic peptides

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13
Q

What is most effective immunologic response against virus-induced tumors?

A

CTL!

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14
Q

What do NK cells do with tumors? How are they activated?

A

Lyse cells of hematopoietic and viral origin

ADCC may be important

Activating signal: downregulation of I MHC
Interferons, TNF-alpha, and IL 2 (turns NK cell into LAK cell)

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15
Q

How do macrophages kill tumor cells?

A

ADCC

release of TNF-alpha

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16
Q

Tumor evasion strategies

A

Lack of expression of MHC/mutated MHC
Induce tolerance

“Sneaking through” - the tumor is the one cell the immune system can’t catch

Create their own “immunopriveleged site” by encasing in collagen and fibrin

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17
Q

How can you vaccinate against tumor cells?

A

Treat tumor cells with specifically increased immunogenicity; effective against melanoma antigens in clinical studies, incudes CTL’s

Hep B vaccine

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18
Q

Ab therapies against tumors

A

w/B cell lymphoma: Anti-idiotypic Ab to surface immunoglobulin

Ab against growth factor receptors of tumor cells (Herceptin)

Bi-specific antibodies - genetically engineered to recognize 1 tumor Ag and 1 immune cell

Immunoconjugates

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19
Q

What’s an immunoconjugate?

A

Ab coupled with toxins - specific delivery to tumor cell. (Have to use true tumor-specific Ag, and F(ab’)2 fragments must be used to avoid non-specific binding)

But - the conjugate must be endocytosed

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20
Q

How can you “purge” bone marrow of tumor cells?

A

In vitro - anti-tumor antibodies and complement

Used with autologous bone marrow transplantation in B cell lymphoma pt’s after chemo and radiation

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21
Q

Adoptive cell immunotherapy - making LAK’s

A

Culture NK cells in lots of IL-2 –> LAK cell

Reinfuse LAK cell to pt, kills tumors

Most success with renal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

Doesn’t work so well when you just dose the pt with IL-2 (or TGF-alpha)

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22
Q

What happens when you’re infected with HIV? (from 1 week to 10 years)

A

First few weeks - feel sick; acute illness
Seroconversion
Latent phase - up to 10 years

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23
Q

What’s seroconversion?

Study These Flashcards
A

When you start making HIV Ab
“window period”
HIV Contagious, but can’t detect infection

24
Q

What’s ARC? (AIDS)

Study These Flashcards
A

AIDS Related Complex

Subset of pt’s develop it; fevers, night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea, inflammatory skin…possible candidiasis; w/o treatment, you die

25
Clinically, what determines AIDS?
CD4+ dropping below 200 cells/mm3
26
What's gp120?
Protein on HIV | Uses gp120 to attach to CD4 T cells or mononuclear phagocytes
27
What happens after HIV binds to CD4 cells via gp120?
The virus then uses gp41, binds to CXCR4 or CCR5 (depending on strain) Fuses with envelope
28
Where are CCR5 or CXCR4 expressed?
CCR5 - CD4+ T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells CXCR4 - activated T cells
29
What's one mechanism HIV uses to get from T cell to T cell?
During viral replication, the plasma membrane expresses HIV gp120 gp120 binds to CD4, initiates membrane fusion
30
Say you were to get rid of all a person's HIV-infected T cells. Are they rid of HIV?
No, because HIV also infects monocytes and macrophages These cells aren't susceptible to lysis, but still serve as in "in vivo" reservoir
31
How does HIV kill T cells? (6 ways)
Direct lysis via budding of HIV (loss of membrane) Large quantities of viral DNA toxic to a cell Syncytia formation of infected cells w/uninfected cells - can destroy lymphocytes Autoimmune - binding of gp120 to infected/uninfected cells can lead to ADCC CTL-mediated destruction of infected cells gp120 cross-linking with CD4 can cause apoptosis
32
HIV uses 2 other way to inactivate T cells/depress . What are they?
Free gp120 can bind to all the CD4 protein of an uninfected T cell, preventing MHC II presentation Destroys follicular dendritic cell network, which destroys architecture of lymphoid organs
33
Why is humoral and cell-mediated responses ineffective against HIV?
HIV remains latent HIV has high mutation rate You seroconvert, but CTL's more important against HIV
34
Obstacles to forming HIV vaccine
It's so darn diverse There isn't a good animal model We don't get why the virus progresses in the face of an immune response. It just doesn't make sense, ok!?
35
How are people resistant against HIV?
Malformed CCR5 protein | Vigorous CTL response
36
Who is ELISA?
Cheap way of determing HIV infection HIV antigens bound to well of plate, your serum injected to well, then color-changing secondary Ab added Color change = infection
37
What's wrong with ELISA? (ag form)
Lots of false positives, from people who are reacting to the MHC proteins of H-9 cell line pregnant females, autoimmune diseases, tranfusion pt's... Use ELISA (Ag form) up to 3 months after infection (before virus goes latent) and then after AIDS develops
38
Western Blotting
Same thing as ELISA, 'cept you separate the proteins first Can differentiate which proteins are MHC and HIV
39
What's the ideal vaccine?
``` No side effects Easy to administer Highly immunogenic Highly protective Long-term immunity ```
40
Tell me about live, attenuated viruses - and give examples
Pass virus strain through animal, weakens potency ``` Sabin polio vaccine Measles Mumps Rubella Yellow fever ``` Long lasting immunity! Virus undergoes limited replication, resulting in greater antigenic stimulus
41
Which vaccines produce cell-mediated immunity (CTL's) ******IMPORTANT FOR TEST!!!******
ONLY LIVE, attenuated viruses Everything does Ab production; only live viruses get CTL's as well
42
Bad things about attenuated viral vacines?
Virus can revert to full -fleged virus FATAL in immunocompromised (SCID) Potential risk to fetus
43
What are inactivated viral vaccines? Give examples
Virus has been chemically treated and inactive. Not as much protection of live vaccines Influenza - shot form Rabies Polio (Salk polio)
44
Viral vaccines - subunit? Example?
Single viral protein Hep B surface antigen
45
Inactivated bacterial vaccines
Heat killed bacteria pertussis (cellular vaccine) Pretty nasty side effects, including death Pertussis reformulated to be acellular; lots better
46
What's a toxoid? What's special about these vaccines
A "detoxed" toxin which still maintains immunogenicity Diptheria and Tetanus Actually, if you give a toxoid to an immunocompromised person, they don't die! Though it doesnt' do any good
47
Bacterial conjugate vaccine?
Takes a bacterial polysaccharide, conjugates it with protein carrier - get high IgG response Normally, polysaccharides don't form IgG Highly tested on boards Hemophilus influenzae B Pneumonia (strep pneumonia) Neisseria Meningitis
48
What do you give an infant born to Hep B surface Ag+ mom?
Vaccine AND Hep B immunoglobulin within 12 hours of birth at separate injection sites
49
Does the pertussis vaccine prevent whooping cough infection?
No Serum Ab generated to vaccine antigens WILL NOT ERADICATE BACTERIA, but instead neutralize toxins that cause disease Organisms eliminated by hose defense mechanisms
50
What type of vaccine is the hemophilus influenzae type B vaccine?
Polysaccharide + Protein conjugate vaccine Get memory T response, affinity maturation, and isotype switching to IgG
51
What is the hemophilus influenzae type B vaccine conjugated with?
Actually, Tetanus or diphteria or meningitis toxoid These are already proven safe...why try something new?
52
What type of vaccine is the MMR?
Live, attenuated vaccine We're immunized against rubella is only to protect fetuses, actually Contraindicated in immunocompromised and pregnant
53
What type of vaccine is varicella vaccine (chickenpox)?
Live, attenuated (viral) No chance of increased risk of shingles 98% effective in protecting against severe form of disease, but only 70-85% protected against mild form of disease
54
Rotavirus vaccine?
live, attenuated Diarrheal pathogen in children
55
Pneumococcal vaccine?
Conjugate
56
Flu Vaccine?
Two types: nasal spray = attenuated Shot = inactivated
57
HPV vaccine?
"L1 protein-expressing virus-like particles" "L1 - major capsid protein of HPV" whatever that means...

immuno test 2 (5 decks)

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