Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

502 > ALL revision powerpoint > Flashcards

ALL revision powerpoint Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which terminology is used for quan studies?
Reliability or dependability

A

Quan: Reliability
Qual: dependability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which terminology is used for quan studies?
Credibility or internal validity

A

Defo: Good data collection/ research quality

Quan: Internal validity
Qual: Credibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which terminology is used for quan studies?
Transferability or external validity/ generalisablity

A

defo: findings can be applied to other situations
Quan: external validity/ generalisablity
Qual: Transferability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does dissemination of research mean?

A

Spreading/ sharing research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Outline the steps for PARIHS (Promoting Action Research Implementation in Health Services

A

Evidence (research, patient and clinical experience)
Context (culture. leadership, values, stakeholders)
Facilitation (skills & attributes, holistic purpose and enabling role)
Improved Practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

rank these types of data in terms of the hierarchy of evidence

Clinical trials
case reports/ series
Systematic reviews
Observational studies
anecdotal findings/ ideas and opinions

A

Systematic reviews
Clinical trials
Observational studies
case reports/ series
anecdotal findings/ ideas and opinions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PICOT stands for

A

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcomes of Interest
Timeframe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SPIDER stands for

A

Sample
Phenomenon of Interest
Design
Evaluation
Research type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is PICOT used for quan, qual and/or mixed methods?

A

QUAN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is SPIDER used for quan, qual and/or mixed methods

A

Qual and mixed methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Philosophical origin/ ontology

A

Quan: Positivism (facts and scientific)
Qual: Interpretivism (opinions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Basis of knowing - why are we doing the research

A

Quan: cause-effect relationship
Qual: understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Theoretical focus

A

Quan: test hypothesis (deductive)
Qual: generate theories and understanding (inductive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Researcher involvement

A

Quan: Objective (no bias/ opinion)
Qual: Subjective (opinions/ bias)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Data collection

A

Quan: survey, experiment, method, clinical trail, closed questionnaires
Qual: interviews, focus groups, observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Type of data

A

Quan: no’s
Qual: words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Data analysis

A

Quan: stats
Qual: text-based analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Findings

A

Quan: generalizable
Qual: transferable
Generalizable and transferable mean the same thing- (findings/results can be used/applied to other situations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Ethnography

A

Uses interviews or observation to look at culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Phenomenological

A

Interviews people with a lived experience/ human experience eg. what is it like living with type 1 diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Different methodologies in Qual
Generic Qualitative

A

Follows a method but does not identify a methodology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Narrative

A

Stories from individuals or documents to learn about an individuals experience or sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Grounded theory

A

Interviews are used to Understand why a social interaction/ lived experience happens to generate a theory
- why do student nurses drop out

Empiral - lots of student nurses drop out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a methodology?

A

the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic.

In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Methodologies in Qual Case study
Interviews/ documents/ reports or observations are used to explore a detailed investigation of the development of a single or multiple events/ individuals
26
Methodologies in Quan RCT
Random Scientific experiment, blinding (placebo), large sample size
27
Methodologies in Quan Quasi- experiment
Not random. the researcher can manipulate the design to suit Class of 30 to split into 2 teams RCT: pick 15 names out of a hat to make 1 team QUASI: splitting a class directly down the middle so 15 on each side
28
Methodologies in Quan Case control
case: with disease Control: no disease
29
Methodologies in Quan Cohort study
a group of people with defining characteristics that start something at the same time and are studied over a long period of time .eg. first year nursing students studied over 3 years of their degree
30
Methodologies in Quan Fixed cohort study
cohort study that starts and finishes at the same time cohort study- A long term study looking at a similar group of people
31
Mixed method research types ExplANatory sequential
quAN first then qual
32
Mixed method research types Exploratory sequential
Qual then Quan
33
Mixed method research types Parallel
Quan and Qual side by side
34
Mixed method research types Multiphase
Quan and qual mixed together
35
Types of data Categorical
Made up of categories eg. dog breeds
36
Types of data Binary
two distinct types of things eg. male and female
37
Types of data Nominal
named data that can't be ranked eg. ethnicity
38
Types of data Ordinal
data that can be ranked eg. economy and business class Happy, okay, sad pain score
39
Types of data Continuous
?
40
Types of data Ratio
?
41
Autonomy
The right for an individual to make his or her own choice
42
Beneficence
The principle of acting with the best interest of the other in mind
43
Non-maleficence
avoid doing harm
44
Justice
A concept that emphasizes fairness and equality among individuals
45
what are ethics?
Ways of understanding and examining moral life, or of the right and wrong human conduct
46
how are ethics considered in research?
ethical section
47
Researcher Bias
Has the researcher influenced the outcome of the researcher in anyway?
48
Design Bias-
Occurs in the planning phase – subjective criteria used to define participant groups (differences may then be arbitrary rather than statistically significant)
49
Recall bias
bias that occurs when individuals in a study have to rely on their memory in order to answer certain questions.
50
Selection bias
sample selection does not accurately reflect the target population
51
Confirmation bias
This can occur when the data from the study, is interpreted by the researchers, and deemed to suggest what they want it to, rather than what it actually represents. This can be both consciously or unconsciously.
52
Measurement Bias
a form of bias where those who are collecting data are aware of which groups participants are allocated to?
53
Response bias
bias that occurs when individuals respond to a question in a study in a certain way because they think the answer they are giving is what the researcher wants to hear.
54
Observational bias
Observational bias occurs when participants are observed as part of a study and this alters their behavior or responses to questions
55
Sampling bias
bias that occurs when the selection of a sample for a study may exclude certain groups of people in a systematic manner. Example: an online survey will exclude all those people who do not have access to the internet.
56
Publishing bias-
Sometimes studies that have negative findings, such as trials that have no real significant findings are less likely to be published in journals as they are thought to not carry any significant interest.
57
Types of Qualitative sampling methods purposive
picking people with a long term condition vs diagnosed yesterday
58
Types of Qualitative sampling methods theoretical
once sampling has started a theory or common theme develops so then sampling to research this new developed theory
59
Types of Qualitative sampling methods snowball
connections lead to other connections
60
Types of Qualitative sampling methods convenience
happen to be in the right place at the right time
61
Qual sampling- data saturation
same opinion/theory keeps reoccurring
62
Types of probability quan sampling methods simple random sampling
randomly select from sampling frame eg. RCT
63
Types of probability quan sampling methods systematic sampling
select every nth element from sampling frame
64
Types of probability quan sampling methods stratified sampling
create subgroups then randomly select from group - age, gender...
65
Types of probability quan sampling methods cluster
random cluster then random selection within the cluster
66
Types of non- probability quan sampling convenience (accidental)
subject happens to be in the right place a the right time to be recruited eg. student nurse in a seminar to ask about sharp injuries
67
Types of non-probability quan sampling quota sampling
similar to convenience but non random selection to pick out underrepresented groups eg. male student nurses in a seminar group
68
Common Quan Stats P-Value
Measures probability that observed difference is chance. The lower the score, the less likely due to chance, and so the more likely it is significant (significant = p-value <0.05)
69
Common Quan Stats T-Test
An inferential statistic, measuring difference between the mean of 2 sets of data. The bigger the score, the more likely the test is repeatable.
70
Common Quan Stats Pearson’s correlation
An interval statistic – measures a linear relationship between 2 variables, where a change in one variable causes a proportional change in the other (e.g. age and BP)
71
Common Quan Stats Spearman’s correlation
An ordinal or monotonic statistic – the variables change together, but not necessarily at the same rate (e.g. use of internet and IQ)
72
Common Quan Stats Spearman’s correlation
An ordinal or monotonic statistic – the variables change together, but not necessarily at the same rate (e.g. use of internet and IQ)
73
Common Quan Stats Chi2
A categorical statistic - looking for independence of data (one variable not related to the other) measures the difference between the observed and expected outcomes of the variables
74
Common Quan Stats Cohen’s Kappa coefficient
Measures inter-rater reliability, e.g. performing GCS – assessing if agreement is by chance
75
Common Quan Stats Confidence Interval
The confidence you have that the result will lie between a predetermined range of values Sample and sample Error There will always be sampling error because the sample will not 100% represent the whole population Variation & sample size impact confidence interval Larger variation and small sample size = large confidence interval
76
Common stats What p-value makes something statistically significant
= or less than 0.05 0.05 means 5% by chance reject null hypothesis (no effect) accept alternative hypothesis (the independent variable caused an effect)
77
Common Quan Stats Intention to Treat
Including results from participants who do not complete the trial (e.g. died or withdrew) – maintain the original randomised groups of participants
78
Common Quan Stats Is a higher confidence interval better?
A large confidence interval suggests that the sample does not provide a precise representation of the population mean, whereas a narrow confidence interval demonstrates a greater degree of precision.
79
Common Quan Stats Descriptive statistics -
mean, median, mode, standard deviation – terms used to describe numbers and patterns
80
Common Quan Stats Inferential statistics
used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups
81
Common Quan Stats Interval/ discrete statistics
Differences between measurements but no true zero (can be negative) eg. temperature
82
Common Quan Stats Ratio/continuous statistics
Differences between measurements and a true zero (have traveled 0km and not at all) eg. distance traveled, age, weight
83
Quan- internal validity
validity = refers to accuracy of a measure – results represent what they are suppose to measure study design, conduct, and analysis answer the research questions without bias
84
Quan- external validity
validity = refers to accuracy of a measure – results represent what they are suppose to measure study findings can be generalized (applied) to other contexts. eg. a research design, which involves sending out survey questionnaires to students picked at random, displays more external validity than one where the questionnaires are given to friends. This is randomization to improve external validity.
85
quan- reliability
results can be reproduced under the same conditions = credible and trustworthy results

502 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions