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502 > Not in Revision Powerpoint > Flashcards

Not in Revision Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of disease and their treatments from a population perspective

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2
Q

Epistemology

A

different ways to find out about reality eg. quantitative questionnaire to test knowledge pre + post lecture. Qual: Observe and ask people their point of view

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3
Q

Epistemology social construction

A

people construct their knowledge together eg. ideal community build ideas together and learn from one another ‘oh yes I also read that paper and thought…’

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4
Q

Mental capacity

A

also referred to as capacity. The ability to retain and understand information needed to make a decision.

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5
Q

Non-experimental

A

research which does not use comparison to test cause and effect.

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6
Q

Ontology

A

objective (facts/ not influenced/ impartial/ unbias) vs subjective (personal/ opinions/ bias)

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7
Q

Peer review

A

a common practice in good quality journals whereby submitted articles are reviewed by subject experts for their accuracy. Peer review is usually undertaken without the identity of researcher being disclosed to the reviewers, to avoid bias.

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8
Q

Prospective vs retrospective

A

Prospective: going forward in time.
Retrospective: going back in time

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9
Q

Representative

A

the amount of similarity between a study sample and the population from which it is drawn.

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10
Q

Quan:
Sensitivity vs Specificity

A

Sensitivity: the ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease
Specificity: the ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease

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11
Q

Types of evidence
Systematic review

A

a review of literature on a given topic which is undertaken using a defined process covering a predetermined number of years of the literature.

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12
Q

Qual: Tacit knowledge

A

knowledge so deeply embedded, they often forget they have it. It is known to people within a group and does not need explanation within the context of that group, but may be unknown to outsiders.

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13
Q

Qual: Bracketing

A

researchers opinion put to the side- self-awareness to not impact study results.

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14
Q

Qual Terminolgy
Contextual

A

Individual perspective

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15
Q

Critical appraisal

A

Are the findings credible

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16
Q

Qual: Emic vs eTic

A

Emic: Seeing something from an insiders point of view eg. student nurses point of view of their course
Etic: outsiders point of view

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17
Q

Qual: Empirical

A

Something proved/ discovered by experience
-lots of student nurses drop out

Grounded theory would be why do they drop out ^^

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18
Q

Qual: Ethnography/ethnographic study

A

how people behave in a certain context or culture (eg. ward vs community nursing ). Getting immersed into a community to get a better perspective than being a stranger in a room eg. being a student nurse at ACE for 3 months vs head lead teacher popping in for 20 mins you will have a better portrayal of the participants reality. Glasgow HIV paper

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19
Q

Qual: Gatekeeper

A

helps gain access to a group to be studied eg. ward manager agreeing for nurses to be involved with the study and help select who is going to help

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20
Q

Qual: Hawthorne effect

A

Bias – people respond in a manner in which they believe they should because researcher present

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21
Q

Qual: InDuctive

A

develop a theory from data eg. for the last 5 summers I have seen fireflies in my garden so this summer I will see fireflies in my garden

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22
Q

Qual: Interpretive phenomenology

A

Interpreting and understanding human experience

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23
Q

Qual: Iterative process

A

initiative
data analysis starts before data collection has finished because data saturation is reached eg. all 5 student nurses thought that they don’t get enough support. Common theme so most student nurses think they don’t get enough support

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24
Q

Qual: Narrative inquiry

A

stories are collected, analysed and presented

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25
Q

Qual: Narrative analysis

A

why do people tell the story that way? What was emphasised? Where was eye contact present and not present ? etc.

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26
Q

Qual: Paradigm

A

the philosophical position that is taken within the research.

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27
Q

Qual: Purposive

A

sampling method where people are chosen for inclusion because they meet the purpose of the research. This means they have experience of the phenomenon being studied.

  • long term diabetes vs diagnosed yesterday
28
Q

Qualitative

A

Opinions, quality of interaction and how it felt to experience something eg. how did the new blood pressure drug feel

29
Q

Qual: Reflexivity

A

made clear that the researcher is aware of how they influence data collection eg. lecturer marking your assignment asking your opinion on how they lead the model vs a non-connected person asking you for feedback on the module.

30
Q

Qual: Relevance

A

this refers to the extent to which the findings of a study might be applied outside the context of the original research

31
Q

Qual: Retrospective

A

looking back in time

32
Q

Qual: Rich data

A

small sample size but high detail used in qualitative research eg. long term diabetes patient vs diagnosed yesterday diabetes patient

33
Q

Qual: Rigour

A

trustworthiness- was the study well conducted? What limitations are involved?

34
Q

Qual: Semi-structured interview

A

an interview that is partially guided using something like a topic guide or a list of predetermined questions.

35
Q

Qual: Theoretical sampling

A

a method of sampling that occurs as researchers build new theories and idea from the data they have collected and test these theories by interviewing more subjects to see if the new theories still hold true. Usually a feature of grounded theory research. Also called handy sampling.

36
Q

Qual: Triangulation

A

more than one method or source of data used to study a social event eg. questionnaire, interview AND survey for healthcare staff AND patients

37
Q

Quan Sampling
Blinding

A

Placebo use in RCT. Primary- only patient. Secondary- patient and medical administrator. Tertiary- patient, administrator and data analyse

38
Q

Terminology
Causality

A

the relationship between cause and effect

39
Q

Experimental
Confounding variable

A

an extra variable you don’t account for that impacts the independent and dependent variable. – a control variable that isn’t controlled! Eg. People who eat more ice cream get more sunburnt. Temp would be the confounding variable.

40
Q

Experimental
Control arm

A

The group that isn’t changed to compare if the results have an impact

41
Q

Experimental
Correlation

A

Two variables are related

42
Q

Experimental
deDUCtivE

A

QUAN
prove an Existing theory or hypothesis using scientific data Collection and accepting/ rejecting a nUll hypothesis

43
Q

Experimental
Dependant variable

A

what you measure

44
Q

Experimental
Equivalence study

A

New treatment vs current treatment (rather than placebo)

45
Q

Experimental

A

a way of testing a hypothesis through comparison- case and control

46
Q

Experimental
Hypothesis

A

Suggesting that an effect will happen. In paper written as H1 eg. does talking aspirin everyday reduce the chance of having a heart attack

47
Q

Experimental
Null hypothesis

A

suggesting nothing (no effect) will happen. In paper written at H0 eg. taking aspirin everyday has no effect on reducing a heart attack

48
Q

Experimental
Independent variable

A

what you change

49
Q

Interventional study/ clinical trial

A

tests an intervention eg. new drug using a clinical trial

50
Q

Terminology
Odds ratio

A

the result of something happening. It is 2.5 x more likely that …

51
Q

Terminology
Parametric

A

Normal disruption. More assumptions. Larger sample size. No outliers. Equal variances. Interval or ratio

52
Q

Terminology
Non-parametric

A

non-normal distributed data. Less assumptions. Small sample size. Outliers. Unequal variances. Nominal (named or labelled) or ordinal (specific order and named)

53
Q

Terminology for epidemiology - PrevAlencE

A

the amount of cases of diseases in a given population over a specific time.

54
Q

Quantitative

A

Quantity/ measure/ generalise/ stats eg. the new drug lowered blood pressure by this amount

55
Q

Statistics
standard deviation

A

the dispersion of data around the mean

56
Q

Statistics
Statically significant

A

P < 0.05. 5% probability that something happened by chance so sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the (alternative) hypothesis

57
Q

Statistics
non-statically significant

A

P > 0.05. over 5% probability that something happened by chance so accept null hypothesis and reject the (alternative) hypothesis because there isn’t enough sufficient evidence to support alternative hypothesis

58
Q

Statistics
clinically significant vs statistically significance

A

Clinical – the healthcare and patients decide if the intervention has an effect
Statically- clinical research with numbers and p-value state if an intervention has an effect

59
Q

Quan Sampling
Convenience sample

A

Selection of the most readily available people as participants

60
Q

Quan Sampling
Cross-sectional study

A

taken at a single point in time (most common survey type)

61
Q

Statistics
Meta-analysis

A

the process of collating the statistics from a number of studies and re-analysing it as one dataset.

62
Q

Experimental
Trail arm

A

no. of groups involved with an experiment/ trial

63
Q

per-protocol anaylsis

A

Only considers participants that have always adhered to ALL the study protocol – always receive the intervention and showed up for check ups
D: overestimates treatment effects. distortion of true study results if the only form on analysis

64
Q

As treated anaylsis

A

Analysis based on actual treatment received regardless of the original group assignment. Receive additional therapy other than that assigned by randomization

65
Q

Completers only anaylsis

A

Only people who complete study are analysed

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