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Allergy Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of allergy

A

A hypersensitive disorder of the immune system

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2
Q

What do allergic reactions occur in response to?

A

Normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens

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3
Q

Definition of allergic reaction

A

An exaggerated or inappropriate immune reaction and causes damage to the host

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4
Q

What are some common allergic reactions?

A

Eczema
Allergic Rhinitis
Asthma
Food allergies

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5
Q

How does skin manifest with allergic reactions?

A

Urticaria / angioedema

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6
Q

How does the upper respiratory system present in allergic reactions?

A

Rhinitis

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7
Q

How does the lower respiratory system present in allergic reactions?

A

Asthma

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8
Q

How can allergic reactions present systemically?

A

Anaphylaxis

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9
Q

Pathology of allergic reaction

A

IgE mediated triggering of mast cells and subsequent accumulation of inflammatory cells at sites of antigen deposition
First allergen exposure - response with T cells and B cells producing IgE
IgE circulates in the blood and binds to IgE-specific receptor (mast cells and basophils)

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10
Q

Pathology of the acute response to an allergen

A

Ag+ specific IgE
Degranulation with release of histamine, cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from their granules causing systemic effects such as vasodilation, mucous secretion, nerve stimulation and smooth muscle contraction

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11
Q

When does the late phase response after allergen exposure occur?

A

2-4 hours

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12
Q

Pathology of late phase response after allergen exposure

A

Migration of other leukocytes such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages to the initial site

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13
Q

Risk factors for allergies

A 
Hereditary 
Race
Age 
Exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood
Environmental pollution 
Allergen levels
Dietary changes
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14
Q

Presentation of an allergic reaction

A 
Flushing or rash 
Burning or itching of skin 
Hives
Nausea / vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhoea
Sneezing
Nasal congestion 
Runny nose
Swelling and tenderness of mouth 
Difficulty breathing
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15
Q

What are some common food allergens?

A

Peanuts
Eggs
Milk
Dairy

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16
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Allergic inflammation of the nasal airways

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17
Q

When does allergic rhinitis occur?

A

When allergen is inhaled by an individual with a sensitised immune system

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18
Q

Associations of allergic rhinitis

A

Asthma

Atopic dermatitis

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19
Q

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Study These Flashcards
A 
Immediate
- sneezing
- itch 
- nasal blockage 
- rhinorrhoea 
- weepy eyes
- coughing
Late
- chronic obstruction 
- hyposmia
- hyperreactivity
20
Q

Two types of allergic rhinitis

Study These Flashcards
A

Seasonal

Perrennial

21
Q

What should you check for in patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis, especially if persistent or severe?

22
Q

What is the classification system of allergic rhinitis called?

Study These Flashcards
A

ARIA-classification

23
Q

Definition of intermittent allergic rhinitis

Study These Flashcards
A

symptoms < 4 days per week of < 4 consecutive weeks

24
Q

Definition of persistent allergic rhinitis

Study These Flashcards
A

Symptoms > 4 days / week and > 4 consecutive weeks

25
Definition of mild allergic rhinitis
All of - normal sleep - no impairment of ADLs, sport, leisure - no impairment of work and school - symptoms present but not troublesome
26
Definition of moderate - severe allergic rhinitis
One of more of - sleep disturbance - impairment of ADLs, sport, leisure - impairment of school or work - troublesome symptoms
27
Pathology of type I allergic reaction
Immediate hypersensivity reactions mediated by IgE antibodies Which bind to receptors on mast cells and basophils When cross linked by antigens the IgE antibodies trigger the mast cells and basophils to release pharmacologically active agents that are responsible for the characteristic symptoms of anaphylaxis
28
Features of a type I allergic reaction
Rapid Occurring within minutes of exposure to antigen Late phase reaction also present with recruitment of inflammatory cells
29
Pathology of a type II allergic reaction
Occur when IgM or IgG antibodies bind to antigen on the surface of cells and activate the complement cascade, which cumulates in the destruction of cells
30
What is a type II allergic reaction?
Cytotoxic reaction
31
What is a type III allergic reaction?
Immune complex reaction
32
Pathology of type III allergic reactions
Complexes of antigen and IgM or IgG antibodies accumulate in the circulation or in the tissue and activate the complement cascade. Granulocytes are attracted to the site of activation, and damage results from the release of lytic enzymes from their granules
33
How quickly does the reaction occur after exposure in a type III allergic reaction?
Hours
34
What is a type IV allergic reaction?
Cell mediated immunity reaction
35
Another name for a type IV allergic reaction
Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
36
What is a type IV allergic reaction mediated by?
T lymphocytes
37
Pathology of type IV allergic reaction
T cells release cytokines that cause accumulation and activation of macrophages, which cause local damage
38
When is the onset of type IV allergic reactions?
Delayed onset - 1 - 2 days after antigen exposure
39
What does the skin test test?
Responses to known allergen
40
What is RAST?
Presence and levels of allergen specific IgE tested in the blood
41
What level of RAST in the blood is negative?
Level 0 = < 0.35
42
What level of RAST shows a very high sensitivity?
Level 6 = > 100
43
What tests can be done for allergies?
``` Skin test RAST level in blood Total serum IgE Nasal allergen challenge Nasal cytology ```
44
Treatment of allergies
``` Avoidance Antihistamines Glucocorticoids Epinephrine Immunotherapy ```
45
What is immunotherapy useful in?
Allergic rhinitis Allergic asthma Allergic conjunctivitis
46
Where is immunotherapy NOT used?
Food allergy Urticaria Atopic dermatitis
47
What does immunotherapy involve?
Controlled exposure to known allergens to reduce the severity of the allergy

ENT (17 decks)

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