allergy and asthma

Question 1

are physical barriers, phagocytes ( neutrophils, baso,neutro,eosino, natural killer) and complement cascade )
part of innate or acquired

Answer 1

innate

Question 2

are T cell and B cell immunity ( with antibodies and classical pathway)

Answer 2

acquired/adaptive

Question 3

where do B cell mature

Answer 3

bone marrow

sometimes lymph nodes

Question 4

where do T cells mature

Answer 4

precursor T celll migrate from the bone marrow to thymus and mature here

Question 5

what do vaccinations try and prevent

Answer 5

the first immune response

Question 6

how are helper T cells activated and action

Answer 6

they receive info from MHC-11 via an APC and the helper T cell ( CB4) undergoes clonal selection to create memory T cells or release interleukins to activate , B cells - humoral immunity
killer T cells to give cellular immunity and neurotrpihls and macrophages to nonspecific defence

Question 7

humeral immunity

Answer 7

involves substances found in extracellular fluids such as antibodies

Question 8

cellular immunity

Answer 8

cell mediated immunity - does not involve antibodies - release of cytokines

Question 9

Naive T cells activate Treg cells by

Answer 9

IL-2

Question 10

functions of Treg cells

Answer 10

suppresses tumeur immunity
promotes immune tolerance
maintains lymphocyte homeostasis

Question 11

naive T helper cells activate Th1

Answer 11

IL-12

Question 12

function of th1

Answer 12

promotes tumour immunity
intracellular pathogens
drives autoimmunity

Question 13

function of Th2

Answer 13

extracellular pathogens
allergy
asthma

Question 14

naive T helper cells activate Th2 cells by what cytokine

Answer 14

Il-4

Question 15

function of Th17

Answer 15

controversial tumour immunity
breaks immune tolerance
extracellular bacteria
autoimmunity

Question 16

what cells maintain the balance between Th1 and Th2 populations

Answer 16

Treg cells

Question 17

what is a helminth

Answer 17

parasitic worm

Question 18

Th2 cells activate eosinophils by Il-5 to cause degranulation to destroy helminths - what antibody is used

Answer 18

IgE

Question 19

What is it called when an antibody switches to another antibody

Answer 19

class switching

Question 20

what is the function of Fc receptors

Answer 20

found on surface of certain ells including B lymphocytes , follicular cells , dendritic cells, basophils and mast cells etc and they bind to antibodies that are attached to infected or invading cell pathogens

Question 21

mast cells are found most commonly where

Answer 21

in tissue surrounded by blood vessels - so can’t really be measured in the blood

Question 22

what process between IgE antibodies by allergen initiates a process of intra cellular signalling which leads to degranulation of cells with the release of mediators of inflammation

Answer 22

cross linking

Question 23

what mediators released by mast cells cause vasodilation and vascular leakage

Answer 23

histamines

Question 24

what mediators released by mast cells cause bronchi constriction and intestinal hyper-motility

Answer 24

lipid mediators such as PAF and PGD2

Question 25

what mediators released by mast cells or basophils causes inflammation and tissue damage

Answer 25

cytokines -TNF lipid mediators enzymes - tryptase

Question 26

Th2 cell secrete what interleukin to cause increased endothelia cell adhesion and inflammatory cell transmigration

Answer 26

Il-4

Question 27

Th2 cell secrete what interleukin to act on allergic rhinitis and asthma - Th2 cytokine. mediated induction of increased mucus production and cola production of IgE and Th1 cell mediated induction of bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis

Answer 27

IL-9 and 13

Question 28

eosinophils respond to allergy and parasitic infections and are activated by cytokines and release toxins and leukotrienes and there activation causes bronchial hyperactivity in asthma where are they found in elevated numbers

Answer 28

lungs and blood

Question 29

in asthma what cells cause thickening of the basement membrane and are normally involved in the healing process and scar formation

Answer 29

fibroblasts

Question 30

in severe chronic asthma what specifically can happen to the airways

Answer 30

``` leukocyte infiltration such as eosinophils desquamation hypertrophy collagen deposition partial occlusion of bronchial lumen by mucus plug thickening odema hyperplasia and mucus hyper secretion vasodilation ```

Question 31

some viruses that can trigger asthma are acute viral syndrome , hepatitis and abstain Barr virus and herpes what bacteria

Answer 31

streptococcal coxsackie H pylori

Question 32

What are some IgE mediated symptoms

Answer 32

``` sneezing and runny nose or congestion swelling of lips itching, hives and reddening lethargy blue lips swelling of eyelids raspy voice wheezing coughing dyspnoea abdnoaml pain nausea and diarrhoea ```

Question 33

nocturnal cough , episodic and expiratory wheeze what problem

Answer 33

asthma

Question 34

what is atopy

Answer 34

genetic tendency to develop allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis , asthma and atopic dermatitis ( eczema )

Question 35

what are some common hypothetical causes of atopy

Answer 35

``` breast milk mode of delivery family size and stability close contact with pets infection history ```

Question 36

what is the hygiene hypothesis

Answer 36

healthy immune system is in balance when neither th1 or th2 cells have dominance

Question 37

in autoimmunity which T cell is the highest conc

Answer 37

Th1

Question 38

in allergy which T cell is the highest

Answer 38

Th2 - basophils and esosinophils and mast cells

Question 39

presumed relationships between the micro biome and allergic asthma

Answer 39

household characteristics and pets and pests contribute to microbial community and composition. in home then with baby genotype diet and pollutants and stressors as well as guts microbial community comp and early immune response development - lead to asthma

Question 40

what are payers patches

Answer 40

are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine - prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines

Question 41

Dupilumab

Answer 41

monoclonal antibody used for allergic diseases such as eczema, asthma and nasal polyps which results in chronic sinusitis side effects allergic reactions cold sores inflammation of the cornea IL4,13

Question 42

mepolizumab

Answer 42

humanised anti-interlukin-5 monoclonal antibody and reduces the production and survival of eosinophils