Hypersensitivity reactions

Question 1

Hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 1

Altered state of immune responsiveness causes excessive or inappropriate immune responses which lead to tissue damage

Question 2

how are hypersensitivity reactions classified

Answer 2

Classified due to the mechanisms which underlie the tissue damage

Question 3

which 3 hypersensitivity reactions are antibody mediated

Answer 3

TYPE 1,2,3

type 4 is cell mediated

Question 4

type 1 hypersensitivity is referred to as allergic or immediate hypersensitivity
how long does it take

Answer 4

onset within minutes

Question 5

what antibody is made is type 1 in response to house dust , drugs or pollen

Answer 5

IgE

Question 6

an example of systemic and localised type 1

Answer 6

anaphylaxis

allergic rhinitis and asthma

Question 7

allergic rhinitis

Answer 7

type 1
when allergen like pollen or dust irritates the nose causing cold like symptoms such as stuffy or runny nose, sneezing and mucus and cough

Question 8

pulmonary oedema

Answer 8

excess fluid in the lungs

Question 9

eosinophilia

Answer 9

condition of having an increase number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood causing a rash, itching and asthma and diarrhoea

Question 10

IgE is formed as a result of prior sensitisation ( previous contact with antigen) so coats mast cells and basophils
so when subsequent accounted with antigen what happens

Answer 10

IgE antibodies binding( cross linking with more of the same antibodies) cause degranulation of mast cells and basophils which release chemokine and cytokines causing various effects

Release of histamine and other mediators (e.g., prostaglandin, platelet-activating factor, leukotrienes, heparin, tryptase)

Question 11

Type 2 is referred to as cytotoxic hypersensitivity how long does it take

Answer 11

minutes to hours

Question 12

what antibodies are involved in type 2

Answer 12

IgG or IgM

Question 13

summary of 5 mechanism involved

Answer 13

Complement-mediated lysis (MAC)

Complement activation and Fc-mediated immune cell activation

Opsonization → phagocytosis

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NK cells)

Inhibition or activation of downstream signalling pathways

Question 14

graves disease what is the target antigen

Answer 14

type 2
TSH receptors
hyperthyroidism

Question 15

myasthenia graves what is the target antigen and what type

Answer 15

type 2

ACHreceptor

Question 16

acute rheumatic fever what type and symptoms

Answer 16

type 2
myocardial antigen causing inflammation
myocarditis and arthritis

Question 17

exogenous antigens

Answer 17

antigens that have entered from the outside of the Body by inhalation or indigestion - by endocytosis or phagocytosis

Question 18

endogenous antigens

Answer 18

signals produced within your body own cells ( virus)

Question 19

in type 3 what type of antigen does the antibody attack?

Answer 19

soluble one ( immune complex)

Question 20

where in blood vessels do immune complexes get deposited in type 3

Answer 20

basement membrane then activate complement

Question 21

in type 3 complement ystemis activated causing release of what

Answer 21

Causes release of anaphylatoxins which increase vascular permeability
(oedema)

Chemokinesis attracts neutrophils - degranulation - inflammation
(vasculitis)

Question 22

type 3 is also known as immune complex hypersensitivity when iso set usually occur

Answer 22

2-6 hours

Question 23

in type 3 can the antigens be exogenous or endogenous

Answer 23

both

Question 24

systemic lupus erythrmatosus

Answer 24

type 3

Question 25

what is lupus

Answer 25

conditions that affects immune system - causing joint pain, extreme tiredness and rash on your face

Question 26

Polyarteritis nodosa

Answer 26

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen casues vascultiies and affects kidneys sudden weight loss, loss od appetite , abdominal pain , excessive fatigue and muscle and joint aches

Question 27

Postsreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer 27

Streptococcal cell wall antigens kidney disease causing nephritis develops about 2 weeks after a skin or throat infection - main symptoms are blood in your Childs wee and swollen ankles and puff eyes

Question 28

serum sickness

Answer 28

antigens in medications cause immune system to react - proteins from nonhuman sources anything from Arthritis, vasculitis, nephritis

Question 29

Type 4 inflammation also called the delayed type starts around 2-6 hours but when does it peak

Answer 29

24-42 hours

Question 30

by what method does type 4 use to cause inflammation

Answer 30

T cell ignited inflammation

Question 31

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 31

type 4 autoimmune - collagen? Inflammation mediated by Th1 and TH17 cytokines. Role of antibodies and immune complexes? causes pain and aching and tenderness and swelling in joints - weight loss and tiredness

Question 32

MS

Answer 32

type 4 protein antigens in myelin Inflammation mediated by Th1 and TH17 cytokines.; myelin destruction by macrophages causes waddling gait and walking on toes - muscle pain and stiffness and learning difficulties

Question 33

type 1 diabetes

Answer 33

type 4 Antigens of pancreatic islet β cells (insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase) T cell-medicated inflammation: destruction of islet cells by CTLs

Question 34

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 34

type 4 ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease Inflammation mediated by Th1 and TH17 cytokines. abdominal cramps , diarrhea , fever and weight loss

Question 35

psoriasis

Answer 35

type 4 | red and crusty patches of skin covered with slivery scales - body makes to many skin cells

Question 36

memory aid

Answer 36

ACID: A – Allergic/Anaphylactic/Atopic (Type I); C – Cytotoxic (Type II); I – Immune complex deposition (Type III); D – Delayed (Type IV) type 1 is first and fast type 2 is cytotoxic type 3 means three thing stuck together - antibody - antigen and complement type 4 is associated with the type 4 - T cells, transplant rejection , TB , skin tests and touching ( contact dermatitis)

Question 37

On placement, the GP is seeing an elderly lady with Rheumatoid arthritis. The GP explains that Rheumatoid factor is an IgM antibody that binds to IgG antibodies as an antigen. This immune complex travels in the blood and deposits in joints, which activates the complement system and leads to chronic inflammation. The GP tests you by asking what type of hypersensitivity reactions is this?

Answer 37

Type 3

Question 38

peumonia can be causes by streptococcus and is normally found CAP. Staphloccuys can also be an agent where is this found

Answer 38

HAP