Alterations in Nutrition and Hydration

Question 1

Normal aging: what happens to body composition (bone mass, muscle mass, water content, fat mass)?

Answer 1

• decrease in bone mass
• sarcopenia: decrease in muscle mass
• decrease in water content
• increase in fat mass and intrabdominal fat

Question 2

normal aging: what happens to teeth, periodontal dz, olfactory function, taste perception, mouth secretions?

Answer 2

• teeth become less sensitive
• increase periodontal dz
• decrease in olfactory function
• decrease in taste perception to salt and sweet
• xerostomia: dry mouth

Question 3

estimated protein needs per day

Answer 3

0.8-1.5 g/kg of body weight

Question 4

energy needs per day

Answer 4

25-30 kcal/kg body weight

Question 5

what is considered significant weight loss for elderly?

Answer 5

unintended weight loss of 10% in 6 months or 5% in one month

Question 6

underweight BMI for elderly is under what #?

Answer 6

under 20

Question 7

factors affecting nutrition in elderly (11)

Answer 7

• Limited mobility
• Financial Problems
• Visual impairment
• Social isolation
• Mood disorder
• Medication
• Alcohol and tobacco use
• Special diet
• Dysgeusia: distortion of taste
• Dysphagia
• Poor dentition

Question 8

which healthcare setting do you see the most malnourished elderly population?

Answer 8

rehab- 50% have it and 41% are at risk

Question 9

risk factors for severe infection in elderly? (6)

Answer 9

• dementia, delirium, excess injury, aspiration
• decreased gag and cough reflex
• endocrine deficiency
• poor nutrition
• immunosenescence
• immobility

Question 10

what is dehydration?

Answer 10

clinically relevant decrease of an individual’s total body water that may occur WITH or WITHOUT loss of electrolytes

Question 11

what does severity of dehydration depend on?

Answer 11

relative than absolute loss of total intracellular and extracellular water

Question 12

signs and symptoms of dehydration depend on what?

Answer 12

severity of dehydration

Question 13

abdominal obesity can cause what three metabolic complications that impact the heart?

Answer 13

hyperinsulinemia, small LDL particles, elevated apo B

increases CHD risk by 20x

Question 14

what are the five components of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 14

BP, fasting blood sugar, waist circumference, low HDL, Triglycerides

Question 15

what are the guidelines of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 15

BP- greater or equal to 130/85
fasting BG- equal or higher to 100 mg/dl
large WC- men >40 in, women >35in
low HDL cholesterol- men under 40, women under 50
triglycerides equal or higher than 150 mg/dl

Question 16

what four things do you use in the management of nutrition syndromes?

Answer 16

oral supplement, drug treatment, tube feeding, weight loss in obese patients