alzheimers

Question 1

histological signs alzheimers

Answer 1

plaques and neurofibrillar tangles

Question 2

which neurones are lost in alzheimers

Answer 2

cholinergic

Question 3

what is in alzheimers plaques and where are they

Answer 3

insoluble extracellular deposits of ß-amyloid peptide (Aß) in brain and brain blood vessel walls

Question 4

what are neurofibrillary tangles made of

Answer 4

tau protein

Question 5

what pathology comes first and second in Alzheimers

Answer 5

β‑amyloid (Aβ) deposition precedes
neurofibrillary and neuritic changes

Question 6

which mutations in early onset dementia, whcih chromosomes

Answer 6

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) 21
Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) 14
Presenilin 2 (PSEN2 chr 1

Question 7

which gene codes for Tau, which chromosome

Answer 7

MAPT 17

Question 8

does MAPT mutation cause early onset dementia

Answer 8

no

Question 9

what can result of MAPT mutation be

Answer 9

frontotemporal dementia and other tauopathies

Question 10

Amyloid precursor protein is cleaved in different ways, one fo which is pathogenic. Which enzymes are involved in this cleavage, and what is the toxic product

Answer 10

gamma-secretase and beta-secretase
Amyloid Beta (40 and 42, with 42 being the worst)

Question 11

which Apolipoprotein is bad news re Alzheimers - why

Answer 11

ApoE4, reduced clearance of extracellular Amyloid Beta

Question 12

what is the cause of neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 12

hyperphosphorylation of Tau

Question 13

what is ACh made of and what enzyme makes it. what relevance to alzherimers dementia

Answer 13

Acetyl CoA, choline
Choline Acetyltransferase (CHAT)
CHAT transcription severely diminished in Alzheimers

Question 14

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors drugs and what pathology

Answer 14

donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

Alzheimers

Question 15

what tx mild to moderate alzheimers

Answer 15

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors
donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

Question 16

side effects of ., donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

Answer 16

., loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea

Question 17

tx for moderate to severe alzheimers. MOA

Answer 17

memantine - low affinity NMDA receptor antagonist

decreases glutamate neurotoxicity

Question 18

Answer 18

semantic
episodic
explicit
medial temporal
implicit
procedural
associative

Question 19

most common cause of early onset alzheimers

Answer 19

PSEN1 mutation

Question 20

what makes the link between the two hallmarks of alzeimers

Answer 20

GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), one of the main Tau kinases

Question 21

what is iconic and echoic memory

Answer 21

= sensory memory
echoic 10 s immeidate audio memory
iconic very short visual 3ms

Question 22

how is read information stored

Answer 22

as sounds - audial working memory

Question 23

visuospatial are relies on which hemispheres

Answer 23

both

Question 24

audial working memory relies on which hemisphere

Answer 24

left

Question 25

which brodmann areas involved in the visuospatial working memory

Answer 25

Question 26

where is central executive processor

Answer 26

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 27

brodman number broca’s area

Answer 27

44

Question 28

name of inability to form new memories

Answer 28

anterograde amnesia

Question 29

what is loss of old memories

Answer 29

retrograde amnesia

Question 30

what is Ribot’s law

Answer 30

in amnesia, the newest memories are lost first

Question 31

which area of the brain is key to the formation of new long-term memories

Answer 31

hippocampal gyrus

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

what do you find in meningioma histology

Answer 33

Spindle cells in concentric whorls, calcified psammoma bodies

Question 34

subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, which tracts

Answer 34

dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts..

Question 35

lateral vs anterior cst

Answer 35

The lateral corticospinal tract sends fibers predominantly to the extremity muscles, and the cortical innervation is contralateral, in other words, the left motor cortex controls the right extremities. The anterior corticospinal tract sends fibers mainly to the trunk or axial muscles.