brain control of voluntary mvts

Question 1

pyramidal tract

Answer 1

cs

Question 2

extrapyradmial tracts

Answer 2

rubro, reticulo, vestibulospinal

Question 3

cerebellum involvement in mvt

Answer 3

timing and accuracy

Question 4

do cortex and brainstem have direct access to motor neurones

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

do basal ganglia and cerebellum have acces to motor neurones

Answer 5

no

Question 6

prefrontal cortex does what

Answer 6

cognitive control -> executive function = switch out of habits = goal oriented behaviour

Question 7

lesion of prefrontal cortex

Answer 7

behaviour becomes automatic, habitual, stimulus-driven, dramatic change in personality

Question 8

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex which BA areas

Answer 8

9, 46

Question 9

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex takes stimulus from

Answer 9

external environment

Question 10

what BA area is frontal pole

Answer 10

10

Question 11

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesion (5)

Answer 11

lack of planning ability
apathy
can’t sequence actions and tasks
poor working memory spatial (r)
poor workin memory verbal (l)

Question 12

what is a good test for cognitive flexibiltiy (ability to switch)

Answer 12

Wisconsin card sorting test

Question 13

medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

choosing response in light of knowledge and past experience (ie internal stimulus)

Question 14

medial prefrontal cortex may be aberrant in which condition

Answer 14

autism

Question 15

what is BA 11

Answer 15

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 16

what is orbitofrontal lesion

Answer 16

blunted or dysregulated emotional experience
lack of persistence,
lack of planning
social inappropriateness

Question 17

what does anterior cingulate cortex do, when is it busiest

Answer 17

monitoring ongoin tasks, busiest with more complex/demanding tasks

Question 18

broca’s areas is in

Answer 18

left hemisphere frontal lobe

Question 19

supplementary area has strong association with

Answer 19

medial frontal cortex

Question 20

which regions make a actual plan for purposeful action

Answer 20

pre-SMA (supplementary motor area) and SMA

Question 21

what does the Supplementary motor area do

Answer 21

organises actions bases on internal goals, makes a plan or sequence fo learned actions(eg play the piano)

Question 22

damage of SMA

Answer 22

can’t execute well learned behaviours (eg play the piano)

Question 23

premotor cortex has strong reciprocal connection with

Answer 23

parietal lobe

Question 24

which circuit is involved when external cues (eg a ball is thrown at you)

Answer 24

parieto-premotor-primary motor cortex

Question 25

premotor cortex is stimulated by..

Answer 25

external stimuli

Question 26

loss of 2ary motor area

Answer 26

apraxia (dyspraxia if mild)

Question 27

what is fine in dyspraxia

Answer 27

desire to perform muscle tone

Question 28

primary motor cortex is which BA

Answer 28

4

Question 29

lesion of primary motor cortex (M1)

Answer 29

paralysis

Question 30

what is Bereitshaftspotential

Answer 30

readiness potential

Question 31

where is the efference copy of any motor plan sent

Answer 31

posterior parietal cortex

Question 32

what sort of neurones are in the dorsal striatum

Answer 32

medium spiny neurones

Question 33

what neurotransmitters from where input into the medium spiny neurones of the dorsal striatum

Answer 33

glutamine from the cortex dopamine from substantia nigra pars compacta gaba from local interneurones

Question 34

globus pallidus internal output projects to...

Answer 34

VA and VL nuclei of the thalamus

Question 35

substantia nigra is in the...

Answer 35

midbrain

Question 36

sunstantia nigra pars reticulata output projects to...

Answer 36

superior colliculus (saccades) inh Thalamus (inh direct pathway)

Question 37

superior colliculus is in charge of...

Answer 37

head and eye mvt

Question 38

Broca's area is where (brodmann area)

Answer 38

BA 44 and 45 of left hemisphere

Question 39

where are the frontal eye fields and what do they do

Answer 39

BA 8, manage occularmotor

Question 40

what are small jerky movements of eyes like when readinf

Answer 40

saccades

Question 41

where do the eyes look when having a seizure

Answer 41

opposite side to location of electrical activity in the brain

Question 42

where do the eyes look if frontal lobe stroke involving eye fields

Answer 42

towards the side of the location of the stroke

Question 43

where do the eyes look in pontine stroke?

Answer 43

opposite side to damage

Question 44

where do FEFs cross over

Answer 44

paramedian pontine reticular information

Question 45

what are saccades for

Answer 45

to get the desired object of attention into the fovea

Question 46

what happens if BA 8 is damaged

Answer 46

FEFs don't work -> oculomotor apraxia. Have to turn your head to get things into the fovea

Question 47

what is the role of Broca#s area

Answer 47

planning (not producing) speech

Question 48

The sensory representation of words happens in the:

Answer 48

temporal cortex (before broca's area)

Question 49

what is it called when a pt has damage to Brocas area and what are the symptoms

Answer 49

aphasia speaks in short or incomplete sentences no problem understanding

Question 50

what do fefs do (frontal eye fields)

Answer 50

coordinate eye movements and gaze shifting for orienting and attentio

Question 51

the corticospinal tract has monosynaptic connections ONLY with motor neurones of the ... and ...

Answer 51

thumb and digits

Question 52

the corticospinal tract has what sort of synapses everywhere but thumbs and digits

Answer 52

excitatory and inhibitory interneurones which influence flexors and extensors respectively

Question 53

what is the role of the anterior CST and where does it decussate

Answer 53

voluntary mvts of the trunk decussates at the spinal level it exits

Question 54

where does the CST travel

Answer 54

internal capsule

Question 55

In the ventral horn, the α motor neurons supplying distal extensor muscles are located... and...

Answer 55

laterally and ventrally

Question 56

In the ventral horn, the α motor neurons supplying proximal flexor muscles are located... and...

Answer 56

medially and dorsally

Question 57

where does the anterior CST extend to

Answer 57

mid thoracic level

Question 58

each side of the forehead has motor innervation from..

Answer 58

both hemispheres of the brain

Question 59

lower part of the face has motor innervation from

Answer 59

contralateral corticobulbar tract

Question 60

which side has forehead sparing in a umn lesion

Answer 60

contralateral side to lesion

Question 61

where are the red nuclei

Answer 61

midbrain

Question 62

does rubrospinal tract cross

Answer 62

ye

Question 63

where does ruubrospinal tract cross

Answer 63

midbrain

Question 64

what does rubrospinal do

Answer 64

extensors and flexors of upper limb

Question 65

does rubrospinal control lower limb

Answer 65

no

Question 66

which 2 tracts involved in maintenance of posture

Answer 66

reticulospinal vestibulospinal

Question 67

what is the difference between medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts

Answer 67

medial does head and neck, antigravity muscles whereas lateral does lower limb

Question 68

what causes spasticity

Answer 68

UMN lesion

Question 69

what is a series of jerky mvts following sudden stretching of the muscle

Answer 69

clonus

Question 70

what is happenign here

Answer 70

decorticate rigidity. Legs extended but arms flexed. Lesion on CST above red nucleus

Question 71

Answer 71

lesion on CST below red nucleus