ambulatory medicine

Question 1

what is the most common cause of secondary hypertension

Answer 1

renal artery stenosis

Question 2

what are the major complications of HTN

Answer 2

cardiac (coronary artery disease, CHF with LVH), stroke and renal failure

Question 3

what is a common end result of untreated HTN as LVH occurs

Answer 3

CHF

Question 4

what is the term for discontinuity in the retinal vein secondary to thickened arterial walls

Answer 4

arteriovenous nicking

Question 5

what is the term for infarction of the nerve fiber layer in the retina

Answer 5

cotton wool spots

Question 6

what antihypertensive medications are safe in pregnancy (general classes)

Answer 6

beta blockers and hydrazine

Question 7

at what age should all people start getting screened for FLP

Answer 7

age 20

Question 8

what is the issue in type 1 dyslipidemia

Answer 8

elevated chylomicrons

Question 9

what is the issue with type 2a dyslipidemia

Answer 9

elevated LDL

Question 10

what is the issue with type 2 b dyslipidemia

Answer 10

elevated LDL and VLDL

Question 11

what is the issue in type 3 dyslipidemia

Answer 11

elevated IDL

Question 12

what is the issue in type 4 endogenous hyperlipidemia

Answer 12

elevated VLDL

Question 13

what is the issue with top 5 dyslipidemia

Answer 13

elevated VLDL and chylomicrons

Question 14

what cholesterol levels does alcohol effect

Answer 14

increases TG and HDL levels but does not effect total cholesterol levels

Question 15

how does thiazides effect cholesterol

Answer 15

increase LDL, total cholesterol and VLDL levels

Question 16

how do beta blockers effect cholesterol

Answer 16

increase TGs (VLDL) and lower HDLs

Question 17

what is the term for yellow plaques on eyelids

Answer 17

xanthelasma

Question 18

what is the term for hard, yellowish masses four don tendons

Answer 18

xanthoma

Question 19

what are the main clinical features of tension headache

Answer 19

pain is steady, viselike, and encircles the entire head (tight band0like pain around head); tightness in posterior neck muscles

Question 20

what is the drug of choice for cluster headaches

Answer 20

sumatriptan (imitrex)

Question 21

what is the drug of choice for prophylactic treatment of cluster headaches

Answer 21

verapamil

Question 22

what is the most effective prophylactic treatment of migraine headaches

Answer 22

propranolol

Question 23

what is the use of bronchoscopy in pt with a cough

Answer 23

if there is no other diagnosis based on other testing, use this to look for tumor, foreign body or tracheal web

Question 24

common features of viral URI

Answer 24

rhinorrhea, myalgia, headache, fever and cough

Question 25

common feature of bacterial URI

Answer 25

fever, cough, yellow sputum

Question 26

what is the most common viral cause of the common cold

Answer 26

rhinovirus

Question 27

what are the most common sinuses involved in sinusitis

Answer 27

maxillary sinus

Question 28

what is the name brand name for loratadine

Answer 28

claritin

Question 29

what is the name brand name for fexofenadine

Answer 29

allegra

Question 30

what is the antibiotic treatment for strep throat

Answer 30

penicillin for 10 days (erythromycin if pt allergic)

Question 31

what is the test of choice to evaluation for dyspepsia

Answer 31

endoscopy

Question 32

what is the primary mechanism of GERD

Answer 32

inappropriate relaxation of the LES

Question 33

what is the most common cause of acute diarrhea

Answer 33

viral infection (rotavirus and norwalk virus)

Question 34

what medication should be given for moderate to severe bacterial diarrhea

Answer 34

5 days of cipro

Question 35

what common causes of acute infectious diarrhea have fecal leukocytes

Answer 35

salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7

Question 36

what is the preferred treatment for salmonella diarrhea

Answer 36

cipro

Question 37

what is the preferred treatment for shigella diarrhea

Answer 37

bactrim

Question 38

what is the preferred treatment for campylobacter diarrhea

Answer 38

erythromycin

Question 39

what is the preferred treatment for giardiasis diarrhea

Answer 39

metronidazole

Question 40

what are some medications that can be given for diarrhea type IBS

Answer 40

diphenoxylate, loperamide

Question 41

what are some medications that can be given for constipation type of IBS

Answer 41

solace, psyllium, cisapride

Question 42

what imaging would you oder for diagnosis of ulcer diseases or outlet obstruction

Answer 42

upper GI endoscopy

Question 43

what diagnostic tests would you order for diagnosis of biliary disease

Answer 43

ultrasound

Question 44

what is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen after severe vomiting

Answer 44

hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis

Question 45

what are the most common causes of low back pain

Answer 45

musculoligamentous strain, degenerative disc disease, facet arthritis

Question 46

what tests should be ordered besides Xray/MRI to evaluated for Osteomyelitis

Answer 46

CBC with differential, ESR, CRP

Question 47

what is the best tests to diagnose nerve compression in cervical spine

Answer 47

MRI

Question 48

what is the earliest symptoms of cervical myelopathy

Answer 48

gait disturbance