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History GCSE WES > America 1920-73 - Part two: Bust - Americans' experiences of the Depression and New Deal > Flashcards

America 1920-73 - Part two: Bust - Americans' experiences of the Depression and New Deal Flashcards

1
Q

What sequence of events caused the Great Depression?

A
  1. Factories overproduced.
  2. Selling abroad was difficult because of foreign tarrifs.
  3. Profits start to drop as products don’t sell.
  4. People get worried and sell their shares.
  5. This worries others and they sell, creating a chain reaction.
  6. Everyone sells at once, and the market crashes.
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2
Q

How many shares were sold on Black Thursday?

A

13 million

Five times the daily average.

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3
Q

Why did banks go bankrupt?

A
  1. People borrowed money to invest it.
  2. They lost the money because of the Crash
  3. This led to millions of people unable to pay back their debt.
  4. So banks go bust.
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4
Q

How many banks went bust in 1929?

A

659

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5
Q

How were the very rich impacted?

A
  • Lost money in shares
  • Rest of money unaffected as property and land.
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6
Q

How were the ordinary shareholders affected?

A

Very badly. They had lost money and were indebted. Many had no money and faced homelessness.

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7
Q

How were the farmers affected?

(Proportion of farmers evicted)

A

Many had mortgages and bank loans for equiment.
They struggled to pay back their debt.
By 1932, 1 in 20 farmers were evicted.

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8
Q

How were businessmen and their workers affected by the crash?

A

Factory owners cut production, wages and jobs.

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9
Q

How much unemployment was there in 1932?

A

Around 13 million people had lost their jobs. ~25% of the workforce.

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10
Q

What were Hoovervilles?

A

Settlements of homeless people. They made shacks made of boxes, scrap metal and old cloth.

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11
Q

What were Hobos?

A

Unemployed workers who travelled in search of work.

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12
Q

How did President Hoover respond?

A

He didn’t do much. He believed in ‘rugged individualism’.

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13
Q

What were the few things the government did to help 1929-32?

A
  • Reconstruction Finance Corporation made small loans to buisnesses and farmers
  • A huge road and dam building scheme created jobs.
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14
Q

What was the Bonus Army?

A

In summer 1932, 25 000 ex-soldiers marched to DC and asked for their war pension ‘bonus’ early. They were driven away by the army.

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15
Q

Why was Hoover so unpopular in the 1932 presidential election?

A
  • He was reluctant to help the American people.
  • He was a bad public speaker
  • His belief in ‘rugged individualism’ made him look uncaring.

FDR was largely the opposite of this.

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16
Q

Why was FDR so popular in 1932?

A
  • He was a great public speaker.
  • He called his ideas ‘a New Deal for the American people’.
  • He promised the ‘3 Rs’:
    -Relief
    -Recovery
    -Reform
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17
Q

By how much did factory production fall between 1929 and 1932?

A

It fell by 45%

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18
Q

By how much did house building fall between 1929 and 1932?

A

It fell by 80%

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19
Q

What was FDR’s 3R’s?

A
  • Relief: help for the old, sick, unemployed and homeless
  • Recovery: government schemes to provide jobs
  • Reform: make America a better place
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20
Q

What day was Black Thursday?

A

24 October 1929

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21
Q

By how much did the average share price go down by on Tuesday 29th October (1929)?

A

The average price of shares dropped by 40 cents.

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22
Q

What was the Emergency Banking Act?

A
  • Closed all banks and had them inspected.
  • Only well-run banks could reopen.
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23
Q

What ws the Economy Act?

A
  • All government employees’ pay was cut by 15%.
  • Saved over $1 billion.
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24
Q

How much money did shareholders lose because of the Crash?

A

Shareholders lost a total of $8 billion.

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25
Q

How many companies had closed by 1932?

A

20,000 companies had closed.

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26
Q

How many Americans stopped paying their mortgage in 1932?

A

In 1932 alone, 250,000 Americans stopped paying their mortgage. Most were evicted.

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27
Q

What is meant by ‘rugged individualism’?

A

That people can overcome problems with hard work, not government help.

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28
Q

How many speeches could FDR make in a day?

A

Sometimes up to 15 a day as he was a great public speaker.

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29
Q

What was the Beer Act?

A

It ended Prohibition.

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30
Q

What was ‘priming the pump’?

A
  1. The government investing money into more jobs.
  2. People start earning money and buy goods.
  3. Firms and buisnesses start hiring new workers.
  4. Back to 2.
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31
Q

What does the FCA stand for?

A

Farm Credit Administration

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32
Q

What does the AAA stand for?

A

Agricultural Adjustment Agency

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33
Q

What does the NRA stand for?

A

National Recovery Administration

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34
Q

What does the TVA stand for?

A

Tennessee Valley Authority

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35
Q

What does the HOLC stand for?

A

Home Owners Loan Corporation

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36
Q

What does the CCC stand for?

A

Civillian Conservation Corps

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37
Q

What does the FERA stand for?

A

Federal Emergency Relief Agency

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38
Q

What does the CWA stand for?

A

Civil Works Administration

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39
Q

What did the FCA do?

A

Lent money to farmers who couldn’t keep up with loan payments.

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40
Q

What did the AAA do?

A

Paid farmers to produce less, to increase food prices.

(To increase the farmers’ incomes)

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41
Q

What did the NRA do?

A
  • Encouraged the establishment of rules to be followed, to eliminate unfair trade practices.
  • Gave workers the right to join a trade union.
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42
Q

What did the TVA do?

A

Provided jobs building dams and power stations along the Tennessee river.

(Tennessee was very poor)

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43
Q

What did the HOLC do?

A

Gave loans to people struggling to pay mortgages.

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44
Q

What did the CCC do?

A

Gave work to young people in the countryside.

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45
Q

How many jobs did the CCC provide?

A

2.5 million

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46
Q

What did the CWA do?

A

Provided temporary jobs building schools, airports and roads.

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47
Q

How many jobs did the CWA provide?

A

4 million

48
Q

How much money did the FERA give to states?

A

$500 million

48
Q

What did the FERA do?

A

It gave money to states to help the homeless.

(Soup kitchens, clothes, blankets and the like)

49
Q

Why did the rich oppose the New Deal?

A

They were taxed to pay for it.

50
Q

Why did the Republicans oppose the New Deal?

A

They found the government to be too powerful.

51
Q

Why did business people oppose the New Deal?

A

They didn’t like FDR giving more rights to workers.

52
Q

How did the Supreme Court oppose part of the New Deal?

A
  • It ruled that the AAA was illegal. It said that helping farmers was a state issue, not federal.
  • Many NRA codes were also ruled illegal.
53
Q

Name three radical politicians in the 1930s.

A

Huey Long
Francis Townsend
Charls Coughlin

54
Q

What did Huey Long propose?

A
  • He proposed ‘Share Our Wealth’.
  • All fortunes over $5 million would be confiscated and redistributed.
55
Q

What did Francis Townsend propose?

A

Everyone to retire at 60 to give more job opportunites to the young.

56
Q

What did Charles Coughlin propose?

A

Set up ‘National Union for Social Justice’ to provide work and fair wages to everyone. However, he was too antisemitic.

57
Q

One in X people was unemployed throughout the 1930s.

A

10

58
Q

What was the Wagner Act?

A

It gave workers the right to join a trade union.

59
Q

How effective was the New Deal with workers?

A
  • It provided work
  • Wagner Act
  • However, unions treated with suspicion by some employers.
60
Q

How effective was the New Deal with farmers?

A
  • Although help was given, it benefited the large farms more than the small.
  • Still severe poverty in rural America
61
Q

How effective was the New Deal with African-Americans?

A
  • CCC camps were segregated.
  • However, many gained jobs in the CCC
62
Q

How many African-Americans joined the CCC?

A

200,000

63
Q

How effective was the New Deal for women?

A
  • Some NRA codes set women’s wages lower than men’s.
  • However, many found work in Alphabet Agencies.
64
Q

How effective was the New Deal for Native Americans?

A
  • They were given government loans for land, businesses, etc.
  • They still faced severe poverty and discrimination.
65
Q

What can be said about the GNP over the 1930s?

A

It rose steadily from 1933 to 1941.

66
Q

What single thing ended the New Deal?

A

Cost of job-creation schemes.

67
Q

What happened when FDR tried to cut back on job-creation schemes?

A

Unemployment jumped by 3 million.

68
Q

Unemployment 1938.

A

Unemployment jumped to 10.8 million in 1938.

69
Q

What factors contributed to the end of the New Deal?

A
  • Unemployment rose again after the government tried to cut costs.
  • Thousands of workers went on strike - steel and car industries
70
Q

When did FDR acknowledge the end of the New Deal?

A

By January 1939, FDR acknowledged the New Deal had come to an end.

71
Q

Examples of popular culture in the 1930s.

A
  • Music
  • Cinema
  • Comic books
  • Literature
  • The arts
72
Q

How many people went to the cinema each week in the 1930s?

A

Over 100 million every week.

73
Q

When did comic books first arise?

A

Early 1930s

74
Q

When did comic books first become popular?

A

1938 with the publication of Action comics which included the debut of Superman.

75
Q

What does WPA stand for?

A

Works Progress Administration

(Alphabet Agency)

76
Q

What did the WPA do?

A

Provided work for all kinds of artists.

  • Actors hired to put on free shows
  • Artists painted pictures for display in schools, libraries and parks
  • Writers produced guidebooks on every US state
77
Q

Why was the WPA criticised?

A

It was accused of wasting taxpayers’ money.

78
Q

What type of music was most popular during the 1930s?

A

Jazz

79
Q

Popular jazz artists of the 1930s.

A

Louis Armstrog
Duke Ellington
Billie Holiday

80
Q

How did people listen to jazz?

(1930s)

A

Through the radio, but gramaphone sales went up as vinyl records became more available.

81
Q

Why did FDR cut back on job-creation schemes?

A

They were costing too much money.

82
Q

What famous Disney movie was released in 1937?

A

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

83
Q

In what year does Prohibition end?

A

1933

84
Q

What policy did America follow during WW1?

A

Isolationism

85
Q

What did FDR say in the face of a growing Nazi threat? when?

(1937)

A

FDR said in October 1937 that peace-loving nations should break of relations with aggressive nations.

86
Q

When did war begin in Europe?

A

In September 1939

87
Q

Who did the US delcare their support for when war broke out?

A

America declared support for Britain and France against Germany and its allies.

88
Q

When did America start helping Britain and France?

A

In Novemeber 1939

89
Q

What two plans did America use to help Britain and France?

A
  • Cash and Carry Plan
  • Lend Lease
90
Q

What was the Cash and Carry Plan?

A

America sold US weapons to Britain and France.

91
Q

What did Japan do durign the 1930s?

A

If invaded many surrounding countries, seizing food and raw materials.

92
Q

What was Lend Lease?

A

America was ‘lending’ weapons to Britain.

93
Q

When did Lend Lease start?

A

March 1941 with Britain
June 1941 with USSR when Germany attacked it.

94
Q

What did the US do in response to Japan’s aggression?

A

FDR vowed not to sell any oil or steel to Japan

95
Q

What day was Pearl Harbour bombed?

A

Sunday 7 December 1941

96
Q

What was damaged as a result of the Pearl Harbour bombings?

A

21 US warships sunk
177 US planes destroyed
2000 men killed

97
Q

What happened the day after the Pearl Harbour bombings?

A

America and Britain declared war on Japan.

98
Q

What happened after America declared war on Japan?

A

Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on America.

99
Q

What was the reaction in America, to it supporting Britain and France?

A

Mixed reactions.
Many held anti-war demonstrations
Others saw economic benefits.

100
Q

What does WPB stand for?

A

War Production Board

101
Q

What was the WPB created for?

A

Created during WW2 to convert industries from peacetime work to war work.

102
Q

How many planes did US factories produce in 1943 and 1944?

A

1943: 86,000 planes
1944: 96,000 planes (28,000 more than Germany and Japan combined)

103
Q

What happened to unemployment during the war?

A

It dropped

104
Q

Unemployment, 1939 and 1944.

A

Between 1939 and 1944, unemployment dropped from 9.5 million to just 670,000.

105
Q

What industries benefited from the war?

A

All of them.

  • Farmers sold food to the military
  • Coal, iron, steel and oil were all boosted
106
Q

How many women joined the women’s sections of the armed forces during the war?

A

350,000

107
Q

Number of women working, 1940 and 1945.

A

1940: 12 million
1945: just under 19 million

108
Q

What proportion of jobs did women fill during the war?

A

At the height of the war, women filled a third of all America’s jobs.

109
Q

What does FEPC stand for?

A

Fair Employment Practice Committee

110
Q

When was the FEPC set up?

A

June 1941

111
Q

What was the FEPC set up to do?

A

Prevent discrimination against African-Americans in defence and government jobs.

112
Q

How many African-Americans fought in the war?

A

Around 1 million

113
Q

Examples of discrimination in the armed forces.

A
  • Black sailors were only allowed to work in kitchens.
  • Black soldiers couldn’t train as officers
  • Initially, the air force wouldn’t train black pilots.
114
Q

Examples of how discrimination was made better in the armed forces.

A
  • Black officers could be trained (but could only lead segregated units)
  • Black nurses could be trained (but could only tend to black soldiers)
  • Black pilots were trained (but could only fight in ‘blacks only’ squadrons)

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