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History GCSE WES > Norman England c1066-c1100, Part One: Conquest and Control > Flashcards

Norman England c1066-c1100, Part One: Conquest and Control Flashcards

1
Q

When did Edward the Confessor become king?

A

1042

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2
Q

When did Edward the Confessor die?

A

5th January 1066

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3
Q

What was the population of England in 1066?

A

2 million

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4
Q

What was the state of England when Edward the Confessor was in power?

A
  • Wealthy
  • Peaceful
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5
Q

How was society structured under Edward the Confessor?

A

The feudal system: king, earls and clergy, knights and peasants.

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6
Q

Who were the Godwins?

A

A powerful family

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7
Q

How much land did the Godwins have?

A

Wessex: most of Southern England. They were very powerful.

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8
Q

When were the Godwins exiled?

A

In 1052, after the Earl of Wessex refused to obey the king.

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9
Q

When did the Godwins’ exile end?

A

When they came back with a large army, forcing the king to accept them back.

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10
Q

Who were the four claimants to the throne in 1066?

A
  • Harold Godwinson
  • Edgar the Aetheling
  • William, Duke of Normandy
  • Harald Hadrada
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11
Q

What was Godwinson’s claim?

A
  • That Edward promised him the throne over his deathbed.
  • He was ‘sub-regulus’, a ‘deputy king’.
  • He had the support of the Witan
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12
Q

When was Godwinson crowned?

A

6th January 1066, same day as Edward the Confessor’s funeral.

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13
Q

What was Edgar the Aetheling’s claim?

A
  • He was Edward’s great-nephew. Only blood relation.
  • He lived with Edward and treated as his adopted son.
  • However, only a teen in 1066 and lacked skill and experience.
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14
Q

What was William’s claim?

A
  • Edward promised him the throne when he went to visit him in England
  • Godwinson promised to support his claim to the throne in 1064 over holy relics. Oath binding in the eyes of God.
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15
Q

What was Hadrada’s claim?

A
  • He was related to King Cnut.
  • He claimed his father, Magnus, was promised the throne by Cnut’s son Harthacnut.
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16
Q

What was William’s military experience?

A
  • He was Duke of Normandy since he was seven
  • He conquered Maine in 1063
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17
Q

What was the significance of the Papal Banner?

A

It symbolised the support of the Pope. It meant William had God’s favour and helped him gain wider support for the invasion.

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18
Q

How did William prepare for the invasion?

A
  • Flat-bottomed boats, for horses.
  • ‘Flat-pack’ castles could be quickly put up.
  • William spent a fortune building a large fleet.
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19
Q

Where did William cross the Channel?

A

He stationed his fleet in Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, cutting the distance across to only 33km.

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20
Q

How many men were in William’s army?

A

Around 8000

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21
Q

How was William able to recruit so many soldiers?

A

Many were willing to fight under the Papal Banner, in a Holy War.

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22
Q

What day did William land in England?

A

28th September 1066

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23
Q

Why was the English coast undefended when William arrived?

A

Harold was forced to send his men home after months of waiting as it was harvest time.

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24
Q

How many ships did Harald Hadrada have?

A

300 ships

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25
Q

Where did the Vikings land?

A

The sailed up the river Humber and landed 10 miles from the city of York.

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26
Q

When was the battle of Fulford Gate?

A

20th September 1066

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27
Q

How many Vikings fought at the battle of Fulford Gate?

A

Around 7000

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28
Q

Who led the English army at Fulford Gate?

A

Edwin, Earl of Mercia
Morcar, Earl of Northumbria

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29
Q

How big was the English army at Fulford Gate?

A

Around 3500 men

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30
Q

What was the outcome of the battle of Fulford Gate?

A
  • English surprised the Vikings, but they were outnumbered, defeated.
  • The English scattered, but Vikings had significant casualties.
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31
Q

When was the Battle of Stamford Bridge?

A

25th September 1066

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32
Q

How many miles did the English army walk to get to Stamford Bridge?

A

190 miles

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33
Q

Who led the English at Stamford Bridge?

A

Harold Godwinson

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34
Q

What was the outcome of Stamford Bridge?

A
  • The Vikings defeated
  • Hadrada, Tostig dead
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35
Q

When did Godwinson receive news of William’s landing?

A

Just three days after Stamford Bridge

36
Q

What was the size of the English army at Hastings?

A

Around 7000

37
Q

Why were the English exhausted at Hastings?

A

They had walked 300km south to Hastings.

38
Q

What was the English army’s main stategy?

A

The shield wall. All soldiers were on foot.

39
Q

What type of soldiers did William have?

A

Highly skilled archers and cavalry

40
Q

William’s army, size?

A

Around 7000 men

41
Q

Where did both armies fight at Hastings?

A

The English on top of Selnac Hill. The Normans at its base with marshy land either side.

42
Q

How did the Battle of Hastings start?

A

9am. Arrows fired fly over the Anglo-Saxon shield wall. Cavalry charges unsuccessful. Feigned retreat starts wearing down the shield wall.

43
Q

After the brief ceasefire to recover the dead, what change in tactics did William enact?

A

He moved his archers to the front. They fired in the air and the arrows landed behind the shield wall, causing chaos.

44
Q

What tactics won the day for William?

A

Combination of feigned retreats, constant arrow fire and a full-scale cavalry attack.

45
Q

What did the Normans do when they landed in England?

A

They burnt villages and built the first motte and bailey castles.

46
Q

What day did William have himself crowned?

A

Christmas Day, 1066

47
Q

Where was William crowned?

A

Westminster Abbey

48
Q

Who built Westminster Abbey?

A

Edward the Confessor

49
Q

Why was William’s capture of Winchester significant?

A

It was the base of the English treasury, where the royal income was collected.

50
Q

Why was William’s capture of Canterbury significant?

A

Canterbury was the centre of the English Catholic Church.

51
Q

Who was Stigand?

A

Stigand was the Archbishop of Canterbury at the time of the Norman invasion. He had a reputation for corruption. William had him removed in 1070.

52
Q

How quickly could motte and bailey castles be built?

A

In a matter of weeks.

53
Q

What were motte and bailey castles built of?

A

Built of wood.

54
Q

When did castles start being built in stone?

A

By 1070

55
Q

How many castles did William build?

A

By 1086, around 48 large castles had been built in England.

56
Q

What is APICS?

A

The purposes of castles:
Administration
Protection
Intimidation
Control
Symbolism

57
Q

Name some castles at Norman times.

A

Pevensey Castle
Chepstow Castle
Pembrooke Castle

58
Q

Name the different parts of Motte and Bailey castles.

A

Outer bailey
Outer bailey wall
Moat
Inner bailey
Motte
Gateways and gatehouses
Keep

59
Q

Where were castles built?

A
  • High ground
  • Near towns
  • Near water and other resources
60
Q

Who were Edwin and Morcar?

A

They were brothers.
They were Harold’s brothers-in-law.
–> They led the Battle of Fulford Gate.
–> They led a rebellion against William in London after Battle of Hastings.

61
Q

Who was involved in the revolt at the Welsh border?

A

A Herefordshire thegn, Edric the Wild.

62
Q

What did Edric the Wild do?

A

Revolted against William in favour of the Welsh princes.

63
Q

How far did Edric the Wild’s revolt go?

A

They reached Shrewsbury Castle but William personally led a group of soldiers to defeat them.

64
Q

What was the revolt of Eustace?

A

Eustace was the Count of Boulogne and Edward’s brother-in-law. He attacked Dover Castle while William was in Normandy. He was easily defeated. He later made peace with William.

65
Q

When did the city of Exeter revolt?

A

1068

66
Q

How did William respond to unrest in Exeter?

A

He besieged the city for 18 days.

67
Q

What did William do when Exeter surrendered?

A

He built a castle there and left his half-brother, Robert of Mortain, in charge.

68
Q

What other rebellions was William forced to address in the South-West?

A

Bristol and Gloucester

69
Q

What revolt in 1075 did William not expect?

A

A revolt from his own Norman Earls.

70
Q

How did William address the 1075 rebellion?

A

He let his allies deal with it. Bishop Odo and Lanfranc put down the rebellion with brutal force.

71
Q

What was the outcome for the 1075 rebels?

A

Waltheof beheaded. The other earls were blinded and killed. Roger was only imprisoned because of William’s friendship with his father.

72
Q

Who led the 1075 rebellion?

A

Ralph de Gael and Roger de Breteuil. Supported by Waltheof

73
Q

When did Edgar the Aetheling make claim on William’s throne?

A

In 1068, Edwin, Morcar and Edgar fled north. King Malcom of Scotland gave his support to Edgar as he had recently married his sister.

74
Q

What murder increased tension in 1069?

A

In January 1069, newly appointed Norman earl, Robert of Commines was murdered by a group of English rebels.

75
Q

Whose support did Edgar have?

A

King Malcom of Scotland’s support. The Vikings combined their armies with Edgar’s.

76
Q

How did William respond to the threat of Edgar in the north?

A

He paid the Vikings to abandon Edgar; the English leaders scattered.
To teach the north a lesson, he burnt everything down, ordered livestock to be killed, and the salting of the land.

77
Q

What was the significance of the Harrying of the North?

A
  • Between 100,000 and 150,000 people died from starvation that winter.
  • The Pope condemned William’s actions. William gave a lot of money to be forgiven.
  • In the Domesday book, 1086, 80% of Yorkshire said to be ‘waste’.
78
Q

When did the Harrying of the North happen?

A

Winter 1069-70

79
Q

Who was Hereward the Wake?

A

The son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia

80
Q

Why was Hereward angry?

A

William had confiscated land from his father and killed his brother.

81
Q

Whose support did Hereward have?

A

King Swegn of Denmark, Morcar (Edwin had been killed).

82
Q

How did Hereward’s army attack William?

A

Using guerrilla tactics and evading capture.

83
Q

What was Hereward’s most famous attack?

A

The looting and burning of Peterborough Abbey in 1070.

84
Q

How did William deal with King Swegn?

A

He paid him to leave England

85
Q

How did William’s army get to Hereward’s base?

A

He convinced the monks of Ely Abbey to reveal the secret route to it.

86
Q

Where were Hereward and Morcar based?

A

On the Isle of Ely.

87
Q

What was the outcome of William’s attack on Hereward’s base?

A

Most of the rebels were arrested, including Morcar. Hereward escaped.

History GCSE WES (12 decks)

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