America Flashcards
(391 cards)
1
Q
What were the Jim Crow Laws based on?
A
Separate but equal
2
Q
How were blacks stopped from voting and when did this finish?
A
Literacy tests, you had to pass to vote but many blacks were uneducated so couldn’t. Phased out in 1964 election but only outlawed fully in 1970
3
Q
Who formed NAACP when and what does it stand for?
A
1909 William Du Bois formed the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. After 1930 Walter White took over
4
Q
What were the main issues that NAACP faced?
A
People who joined lost jobs immediately so low membership. They were asking those in power to lose their power
5
Q
Who formed UNIA when and what does it stand for?
A
Marcus Garvey-who would be arrested in 1923-formed the Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation Association in 1915
6
Q
What were the aims of the UNIA?
A
For BAs to have pride in their colour, culture and history. To repatriate BAs back to Africa, and to make Africa strong and powerful
7
Q
What were some KKK activities in 1929?
A
Beatings, floggings, walks, parades, marches, torture
8
Q
What were KKK members?
A
WASPs-White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
9
Q
Who did KKK members dislike?
A
Non-Americans, BA, divorced whites, the Jewish, communists and Catholics. They created a society of fear in which you either were a member, or had a dreadful life
10
Q
What did KKK members wear and carry on marches?
A
White sheets and white hoods, to conceal members identities, and the white colours symbolised white supremacy. They carried American flags and lit burning crosses
11
Q
What were KKK officers and leaders called?
A
Officers-Klaliffs Kluds or Klabees
State Leaders-Grand Dragons
Supreme Leader-Imperial Wizard
12
Q
Important Klan members in 1920s
A
Governor of Alabama and a Texas senator
13
Q
How did the Klan do in the political sphere?
A
One southern congressman was told to ‘join the Klan or else.’ In November 1924 and 1925 a special mayoral election was almost won twice by a KKK member, the second time losing 140,000 to 110,000
14
Q
When did 15,000 people march on Washington to ban the KKK?
A
1946
15
Q
Impacts the Depression had on BA
A
2 million farmers and sharecroppers forced off land
Unemployment as high as 60% in North
Groups set up to stop BA getting jobs
16
Q
What was the Double V campaign?
A
Victory on the battlefield against fascism, battle against racism at home
17
Q
When did desegregation take place in the US armed forces?
A
Navy in 1946 (where before it was the most racially divided part of the service) and the rest all by 1955
18
Q
How did the NAACP benefit from the Second World War?
A
As well as more blacks being aware of rights due to them going to Britain where it was less racist, membership increases
19
Q
Give me some numbers about the armed services after World War 2
A
1944-Black pilots and marines were allowed to train-600 by end of war. Hundreds of black officers by end of war-big change from before when blacks found promotion difficult
20
Q
How did the second world war highlight racism in the US?
A
In Navy blacks were given menial or dangerous roles. Black nurses and black blood for black soldiers only (mongrelising)
21
Q
As part of the double v campaign, what went on in the US in 1943?
A
Race riots in 47 cities due to racial tensions
22
Q
What’s a Dixiecrat?
A
A member of the Democrat party from the south that opposes civil rights
23
Q
What was Executive Order 9981?
A
That all policies made by the President and the US armed forces should be equal to all, not based on race, colour or nationality
24
Q
How many people were unemployed by the end of 1929 and why?
A
2.5 million because many business’s closed due to the Wall Street Crash
25
How much of the workforce was unemployed in 1933?`
1/3
26
What were makeshift homes called in the 30s?
Hoovervilles
27
What type of person was created by the Wall Street Crash and what did they do?
Hobos, who were homeless but travelled on freight trains around the country (2 million of them by 1933)
28
What percentage of BA were unemployed in 1933 and why?
50%, as they were always the first to be laid off
29
What happened to farmers during the Depression and why?
Bankruptcy hit most, with food left to rot in the ground due to low prices and they were unable to sell produce
30
What had caused the dust bowl?
Poor farming methods had exhausted the soil, but this was exacerbated by the 1931 drought
31
How much land became the dust bowl?
20 million square hectares
32
How many people moved during the Depression and what did they do once moved?
Over 1 million people moved to the western, fruit growing areas to be paid a low wage
33
What did the amount of, decrease due to the Depression (family life) and why?
Marriages, as people did not want to take on the extra commitment of marriage, and also birth rates
34
What happened to suicide rates and schools during the Depression?
Suicide rates went up, and schools were shut for 10 months as there was not enough money to pay the teachers with
35
What did the Bonus Marchers want?
They wanted a bonus that had been promised to them in 1945 to come earlier
36
Why did Hoover not appease the Bonus Marchers?
He felt the $2.5 million was too much money
37
What happened to the Bonus Marchers?
The police offered to pay for their transport home, but 5,000 stayed leading to clashes with 2 people and a baby dead and tear gas let off
38
What was Hoover's plan to tackle the depression?
Balance the budget by refusing to borrow money
39
What Republican values did Hoover keep?
Laissez faire and rugged individualism
40
What tariff did Hoover put in in 1930 and what was it's effect?
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act which increased import duties but it just stopped Europeans trading
41
What did Hoover set up and what else did he change while in office?
He set up the President's Organisation for Unemployment Relief and he cut taxes by $130 million
42
What was the Agricultural Marketing Act?
It enabled the government to lend money to farmers through co-operatives and fixed profits for them
43
What happened to Hoover first set of post-Depression policies and what did this cause?
His first set of polices did not work, so he had to draw up new ones
44
What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?
$2 billion in loans to banks, insurance companies and railroads-Hoover
45
What was the Emergency Relief Act?
$300 million to state government to help the unemployed
46
What was the Home Loan Bank Act?
To stimulate house building and ownership, 12 regional banks were set up with $125 million
47
What was the main success of Hoover?
He paved the way for Roosevelt with house-building initiatives and public works schemes
48
What was Roosevelt's appeal?
The New Deal and creation of jobs was appealing, and his mood of optimism helped as well
49
Why was Hoover unpopular?
He was blamed for the Depression, the homelessness and unemployment it caused, being unable to deal with it, the treating of the Bonus Marchers and he had nothing new to promise
50
What was the New Deal's aims?
The 3 R's-Relief, Recovery, Reform
51
What was the idea behind Relief?
Assist in the removal of poverty, provide food for the starving, intervene to prevent people from losing homes/farms
52
What was the idea behind Recovery?
Ensure that the economy was boosted so that people could be given jobs
53
What was the idea behind Reform?
Ensure there was welfare provisions in the future for the unemployed, old, sick, disabled and destitute
54
What started on the 9th of March 1933?
The 100 Days, were Roosevelt created many polices
55
What was Roosevelt's biggest crisis?
The banking crisis, with 2,000 banks closed
56
What did Roosevelt do with the banks?
He closed them for 10 days, then had his first fireside chat to 60 million listeners about his plan
57
What did Roosevelt say in his first fireside chat?
He would allow banks with assets to re-open and those without would remain closed until his advisors had created a rescue plan. He said people's money was safer in the banks
58
What was the AAA?
The Agricultural Adjustment Act, that wanted to increase farm prices and farmers income, by reducing production levels
59
What did the AAA do?
It paid farmers to produce less, with 5 million pigs killed and thousands of hectares ploughed back into the ground
60
What happened to the AAA?
The supreme court ruled it unconstitutional in 1936 in the US v Butler case, which said that it is a states job, not a federal one to give the money
61
What was the CCC?
Civilian Conservation Corps which gave 18-25 year olds jobs such as conserving soils, with food and clothing and $1 given to them
62
How many men had experienced job in the CCC?
More than 2 million
63
What was the CWA?
Civil Works Administration, which created public works jobs, with 4 million employed in 1934 (mainly unskilled workers). Changed to WPA in 1935
64
What did jobs in the CWA include?
Building roads, but also sweeping parks of leaves and scaring away birds
65
What was the EBA?
Emergency Banking Act, to restore confidence in the banking system, which stopped banks using the stock market
66
What was the FCA?
Farm Credit Administration, which gave low interest payments to 20% of the entire farming population
67
What was the FERA?
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, $500 million to state and local governments, temporary
68
What was the NRA?
National Recovery Administration, which set prices fair and gave workers rights such as maximum working hours
69
How did the NRA go about it's business?
Blue eagle posters, and people were persuaded to only buy from shops displaying the poster
70
What was the PWA?
Public Works Administration, $3,300 million on huge-scale public works
71
What was the RFC?
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, originally Hoover's agency and the £15 billion allowed banks and business's to restart investment
72
What was the TVA?
Tennessee Valley Authority, aimed at rejuvenating one of the hardest hit places by the Depression
73
What did the TVA give?
Gave more than half the population of 2.5 million relief aid
74
What did the TVA build?
A system of dams which generated cheap electricity and controlled flooding as well as recreational areas, health and welfare activities
75
What did TVA allow?
Industries to be more attracted to the area
76
What was the opposition for the TVA?
Farmers whose land was flooded, and business owners who felt USA was becoming a socialist state
77
How many Americans were unemployed by the end of 1934 and what did this cause?
10 million, so Roosevelt put in a Second New Deal
78
What was the plan with the Second New Deal?
To introduce broad programmes of reform to help farmers, workers, the poor and the unemployed
79
What was the WPA?
The Works Progress Administration, previously the FERA, headed by Harry Hopkins which spent $4.8 million on relief programmes
80
What did Harry Hopkins use his $4.8 million to do?
He started building projects such as hospitals, schools and airports, putting unemployed teachers back to work and creating community service schemes to help those in the arts
81
What was the WPA described as?
Priming the Pump, re-starting the machinery of the economy
82
What was the NLRA?
The National Labour Relations Act or Wagner Act which upheld the rights of workers to enter into collective bargaining
83
What did the NRLA cause and create?
It caused 9 million people to be trade union members in 1939and it created the National Relations Board which worked against employers who used unfair practices
84
What was the FLSA?
Fair Labour Standards Act, which put in maximum hours and minimum wage for all employee's engaged in interstater commerce
85
How benefitted from the FLSA?
300,000 people secured higher wages, 1 million had shorter working weeks, and children not on farms were banned from working
86
What was the SSA?
Social Security Act, the most important reform as the government was now responsible for the basic needs of it's citizens
87
What did the SSA provide?
Pension benefits for the elderly, orphaned and those injured in industrial accidents, and also unemployment benefits
88
What successes were there for the government and president with the New Deal?
It restored faith in the people of the government after laissez-faire of Hoover, and preserved democracy as there was no longer a mass support for right-wing politicians
89
What were the failures of the government and president with the New Deal?
Roosevelt greatly overextended the power of the federal government and the president, with the feds in control where the state used to be
90
What were the successes of the New Deal to do with the economy?
It stabilised the banking system and decreased business failures and greatly improved the US infrastructure with roads, schools and power stations
91
What were the failures of the New Deal to do with the economy?
Only provided short-term solutions so did not fix the US's underlying economic issues, and the US took longer than most European countries to recover from
92
What did Roosevelt do in 1937 to do with the economy?
He reduced the budget of the New Deal, which put the country back into recession, showing the weakness of the US economy
93
What were the success of the New Deal to do with unemployment and industrial workers?
Alphabet Agencies decreased unemployment from 24.9 million in 1933 to 14.3 million four years later, and strengthened the position of trade unions with the NRA
94
What were the failures of the New Deal to do with unemployment and industrial workers?
Alphabet Agencies only provided short term jobs, with still over 14 million on the dole in 1937 and employers were still suspicious of trade unions, with strikes still met with brutal violence
95
What were the successes of the New Deal to do social welfare?
SSA made the US a semi-welfare state which included pensions for the elderly and widows and state help for the sick and disabled
96
What was the opposition for the New Deal in terms of social welfare?
Social welfare measures put too much pressure on tax payers and encouraged people to sponge off the state
97
What were the successes of the New Deal to do with BA?
200,000 BA gained benefit from the CCC and other New Deal Agencies with others benefitting from slum clearing programmes and housing projects
98
What were the failures of the New Deal to do with BA?
Many Alphabet Agencies discriminated against BA, often paying them less or not giving them work. Also, Roosevelt did not end discrimination in the Deep South
99
What were the successes of the New Deal to do with women?
Some women achieved prominent positions in the New Deal with Frances Perkins being the first women to be appointed a cabinet post as Secretary for Labour
100
What were the failures of the New Deal to do with women?
Some states introduced special qualifications so it didn't have to pay women social security payments, as well as the NIRA having women being paid less and very few women were in the CCC
101
Who was Huey Long and why did he oppose the New Deal?
Governor of Louisiana, and felt the New Deal did not 'Share the Wealth' enough, or fairly
102
Why did Father Charles Coughlin oppose the New Deal and what did he do?
He felt it was not doing enough and Roosevelt he labelled as anti-god as he did not help the needy. He made radio broadcasts to 40 million people a week
103
Why did Dr Frances Townsend oppose the New Deal and what did he do?
He felt the elderly had benefitted little from the New Deal so created his Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, or Townsend Clubs
104
What was the opposition to the New Deal from Republicans?
They believed Roosevelt was doing too much to help people and changed the role of the government too much
105
What was backed by Alfred Smith and John Davis, and why did it oppose the New Deal?
The American Liberty League, that felt the New Deal threatened the constitution and freedom of speech
106
Who and why did Democrats dislike the New Deal?
Southern Conservative Democrats and they disliked the New Deal as the Wagner Act empowered unions
107
What was Roosevelt's issue with the Supreme Court?
It was a Republican majority as in the past years there had been few Democrat presidents to elect them, so 11 out of 16 Alphabet Agency cases said FDR acted unconstitutionally
108
What was the Sick Chickens case?
Schechter brothers sent to court by NRA for selling diseased chickens, brothers did the reversal and went to the Supreme Court saying NRA was doing state work as a federal body, brothers won
109
What happened in 1936 and what did Roosevelt do because of this?
Roosevelt won a massive majority in the election so tried to retire those over 70 in the supreme court
110
What was Roosevelt able and unable to do in 1937?
He was able to overthrow the sick chickens case and get the SSA put in place, though he was unable to change the Supreme court and he lost some support
111
When was Pearl Harbour and how many people died?
7th of December 1941 with 2,400 dead
112
What changes did Roosevelt make to the government during WW2?
The War Production Board was set up under William Knudsen, as well as the Office for Civilian Defence, further expanding the role of the federal government
113
What did Roosevelt do with industrialists during WW2?
He used their knowledge and factories to reach a high level of production of supplies
114
How much of the world's weapons did the US make in 1944?
Half
115
What was unemployment figures before and after the war, and how many women starting working?
9.5 million to 670,000 with 7 million more women in work
116
What were the general benefits of the war?
Total end of the depression, more than 500,000 businesses set up, farmers had a better time as could sell food to allies
117
What was the Double V campaign?
Victory on the battlefield and at home
118
What was the FEPC?
Fair Employment Practice Committee, which was to report to the government if there was discrimination in the workplace
119
What were the failures of female employment after the war?
They willingly gave up their jobs and returned to the home, excluded from top earning jobs, paid 50-60% of men and could be dismissed from job if married
120
What was the effect of the success of the Communists in China?
Communism was seen as more of a threat
121
What did Truman talk about in the Red Scare?
The enemy within
122
Which 2 groups were anti-communist departments of the government?
FBI's was directed by J. Edgar Hoover who was anti-communist and the FELP searched for communist government employees
123
What Red Scare department was set up in 1947?
House of Un-American Activities Committee, or HUAC
124
What did the HUAC do most famously?
Infiltrated the film industry, and found 10 apparent communist employees who did not testify on 5th Amendment grounds so were sent to prison
125
What was the Hiss case?
Alger Hiss who had worked for a Supreme Court judge who was sentenced for 5 years for perjury, after Chambers showed Nixon a roll of microfilm off a pumpkin from Hiss' typewriter
126
What heightened fear in the Red Scare?
In 1949 the USSR dropped it's first atomic bomb, much earlier than expected so spying was accused`
127
What was the Rosenberg Case
2 previous members of the communist party, with no links to it by 1949 were accused of giving atomic secrets to the USSR, both hanged in 1953
128
What was the McCarran Internal Security Act?
Communists had to register with the justice department, so they could not work in armaments factories and during war time they could be held in detention camps
129
Who was Josef McCarthy?
Senator of Wisconsin who created hysteria about communism
130
What did McCarthy do on 9th February 1950?
Said at a Republican meeting he had the names of 205 communists who were working in the state department
131
What did was McCarthy made after the 205 speech?
Chairman of the Government Committee of Operations of the Senate
132
What did McCarthy's role allow him to do?
Brutally interrogate and ruin the lives of guilty and innocent people
133
What made McCarthy so strong?
He had no evidence, but it was enough to be accused by him
134
What did McCarthy's success allow?
The election of Eisenhower in 1952
135
What was McCarthy's mistake?
He attacked the army, where he was met by attorney Josef Welch whose calm method beat McCarthy's rash and bluff approach
136
What happened in March 1954?
A programme was televised showing how accusations were based entirely on McCarthy's words and he had baseless claims, leading to journalists ripping him
137
What was McCarthy made to reprimand for?
Contempt of a Senate elections sub-committee, abuse of certain senators and insults to the senate during hearings condemning him
138
What were the effects of McCarthyism?
The hatred of communism never died away, but civil rights gained from it, he had created a climate of fear with Lefty, Red and Commie
139
Who lead the New Frontier?
Kennedy
140
What did Kennedy ask people to be?
New Frontiersmen
141
What was the plan of the New Frontier?
To bring equal rights to BA, make reforms and changes to the US to make it more left leaning
142
How did Kennedy attempt to make conservatives support the New Frontier?
He named it the New Frontier, to give it the idea of being a fresh start
143
What was the issue from the start for Kennedy?
He won the 1960 election by a small margin
144
What made people oppose Kennedy?
He was seen as too young, people distrusted his superior advisor Brain Trust and he was the first catholic president
145
What did some think the New Frontier was?
Socialist
146
What group of people did Kennedy create?
Dixiecrats
147
What was Kennedy really unable to do?
Pass bills
148
What were the successes of the New Frontier?
Increased social security, raised minimum wage, set up training schemes for unemployed
149
Why was the work of Lyndon B Johnson overlooked?
It was during the unpopular Vietnam war, and Kennedy was very popular
150
What did Johnson create?
The Great Society
151
What was the plan of the Great Society?
To declare war on poverty, to improve health of the poor and old by providing them with a better diet and living conditions and an end to racial injustice
152
How was Johnson successful in congress?
He was an experienced politician who knew who to get things done, a southerner so able to deal with conservative democrats, and being 6"5 helped as well
153
What opposition did Republicans provide for the Great Society?
He was accused of wasting money, overspending on welfare and undermining rugged individualism
154
What was the other failures of Johnson?
He did not tackle issues of riots in cities such as the 6 day Watts riot, ad the Vietnam war took money away from the Great Society
155
What effect did Watergate have to do with the attitude to politicians?
They only voted for someone they could trust, such as Jimmy Carter
156
What effect did Watergate have on Nixon's reputation?
It was utterly destroyed, he was seen as untrustworthy
157
What was the Election Campaign Act?
Set limits in election contribution to prevent corruption
158
What was the War Powers Act?
President now had to consult Congress before entering war
159
What was the Privacy Act?
Allowed citizens to have access to all files the government may have on them
160
What was the Congressional Budget Act?
President could not use the governments money for their own purposes
161
What effect did Watergate have on the reputation abroad?
USA was made laughing stock, USSR showed it up as a failure of capitalism and American self-confidence dropped, as they were taking troops out of Vietnam as well
162
What was life like when Reagan took office?
In 1981 the world recession was biting deep, so factory closures, 7.5% unemployed, oil shortages and inflation of nearly 15%
163
Who created Reaganomics?
Arthur Laffer
164
What was the idea of Reaganomics?
That cutting taxes to the rich would allow money to trickle down to the middle and lower classes, so less money would have to be spent on welfare
165
What did Reagan do with welfare?
Cut spending by $20 billion a year in his first 3 years, including food stamps
166
What did Reagan do with taxes?
His Economic Recovery Tax Act was the largest tax cut in history, decrease government intake by $33 billion
167
What was the effect of the tax cuts?
The government could not pay for services it provided
168
What did Reagan do as well as Reaganomics?
Nearly doubled spending on defence, so he borrowed with debt at $1 trillion, causing unemployment and inflation in every sector
169
Which 2 things happened in 1987 due to Reaganomics?
Congress rejected Reagan's bill for increased government spending, then a stock market crash
170
What was interesting about the 1987 stock market crash?
It was one of the worst since 1929, and the USA had the largest trading deficit of any industrialised nation
171
What happened to the economy with Reagan in charge?
It began to slow, as the economy was going into a recession
172
What overall happened in 1986?
It was a disastrous year for the space programme
173
Which events occurred in the space programme in 1986?
Challenger exploded killing 7 crew members, Titan rocket carrying secret military equipment exploded shortly after life off, Delta rocket failed
174
What space-based plan failed Reagan?
The Star Wars plan was expensive and drained the economy, and was a failure
175
What was George Bush Snr before he was president, and how did that help him?
He was the Vice President under Reagan, and was seen as a safe pair of hands to carry on Reagan's domestic policies
176
What were George Bush's issues when he went into office?
There was massive leftover deficit at $220 billion
177
What allowed Bush to become president but later was his downfall and why?
He said he would not raise taxes, but because of the massive debt, he had to causing people to distrust him
178
What were poverty and unemployment rates like in 1992?
14.2% lived in poverty, 7.8% unemployed
179
What did Bush Snr put in lace in 1990?
The Americans with Disabilities Act and the Clean Air Act
180
What was the Americans with Disabilities Act?
Outlawed discrimination based on disability when it comes for employment, public accommodation and transportation. Likened to Civil Rights Act in importance
181
What was the Clean Air Act?
Building on previous legislation, it focussed on reducing urban smog, curbing acid rain and eliminating industrial emissions of toxic chemicals
182
What did Bush create and give billions of dollars to and what was it's effect?
The DEA or Drug Enforcement Agency made little impact
183
What was the price of the Rodney King race riots?
$1 billion in LA and a lot of hate for the Republicans
184
Why did the Republicans of the past years become criticised for their actions?
There had been a 60% reduction in job training for BA, with 50% of BA children living below the poverty line so many believed the Republicans did not want to tax the white rich to help the poor BA
185
What made Clinton popular?
The economic downturn under the Republicans, and the widening of the gap between rich and poor
186
What were Clinton's economic plans?
To move away from Reaganomics, decrease deficit while still spending in the federal government
187
What was Clinton able to do with the economy?
Balance the books for the first time since 1969, triple the value pf the stock market and have the lowest rate of unemployment for nearly 30 years
188
What was the failure of Clinton?
He had an affair with Monica Lewinsky, and was linked to multiple fraud in the Whitewater housing development
189
What were car ownership figures in 1945 and 1960?
25 million in 1945, 60 million in 1960
190
What was put in place to facilitate the new cars?
The Interstate Highway Act of 1956 costing $32 billion and creating 41,000 miles of new highway, largest public works scheme of all time
191
What became popular in the 1930s, then very popular in the 1950s?
Drive-ins
192
Who went to drive-ins and what did the media call them?
Families with a child could go and see a movie, though teenagers often made-out in these areas known as passion pits
193
Why were anti-heroes popular?
Young people wanted new and exciting symbols of rebellion after WW2
194
Who were some anti-heroes?
James Dean, Marilyn Munroe, Paul Newman and Marlon Brando
195
Which term became used in the 1950s and what did this do?
Teenager, which created a split between elders and young adults
196
What changes to money were made in the 1950s to do with teenagers?
They used to have to work full time, but in the 50s they worked part-time or not at all
197
What did the new money to the teenagers allow?
They could have more free time to create a more of a character for themselves, loving anti-heroes and going to drive-ins
198
Which new group of people in the late 40s and 50s changed teenagers and why?
The GIs, who had catching up to do after the war so had a care free, rebellious approach copied by the generation of the 1950s
199
Who was James Dean?
An anti-hero who underperformed in school, distanced himself from his only parent when he took drama at college and went on to make Rebel Without a Cause and Live Fast Die Young
200
What was the greatest long term impact of the 50s?
Rock and Roll
201
What was Rock and Roll?`
A hybrid of white and black music
202
What made Rock and Roll popular?
It drew on the culture of alienation, an increased sense of buying power and a desire for identity for the teenagers
203
What made Elvis successful?
He was able to depict alienation, and his sexy moves were popular. Also, appearances on the Ed Sullivan Show helped as well
204
By 1960, how much of the American population was under 18?
50%
205
Why was the 60s such a good time to be alive?
It is a young society, and the most affluent in American history
206
What came into its own in the 60s and why?
TV, and colour TV became a thing so by 1970 95% of homes had at least one TV
207
What musical upheaval was there in the 60s?
The British Invasion
208
Who was part of the British Invasion?
The Beatles, The Who, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones and The Kinks
209
What provoked counterculture?
The rejection of social norms and the fear of a nuclear holocaust
210
What did those supporting counterculture do mainly?
Protest against nuclear weaponry
211
What did counterculture use to become known?
The new types of media available, as well as demonstrations
212
What was the largest countercultural group?
Hippies
213
Which areas of society became areas of tension along generational lines due to counterculture?
War in Vietnam, civil rights for BA and women, sexual mores, traditional roles of authority, and the materialism of the American Dream
214
Where was a Hippy hotbed?
Haight-Ashbury District in San Francisco
215
Which ideas and practises where integrated into counterculture?
Peace, love, harmony, music, mysticism, mediation, yoga and psychedelic drugs
216
What was the struggle of a hippy for?
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
217
What was there a rise of in the 70s (not music)?
Blockbusters, such as Jaws and Star Wars
218
Which musical genre became popular in the 70s?
Disco
219
Which disco group was most popular, and what popularised the movement?
The Jackson 5 became popular as it was a reaction to the domination of rock music and Saturday Night Fever
220
Who went to discos in particular?
Women
221
How did the Swinging Sixties cause the student movement?
People became further disassociated from the older generation like in the 50s
222
Who were protest singers and what did they do?
Bob Dylan and Jimi Hendrix protested about the war in Vietnam, sex, drugs, nuclear war and racism in their songs, catalysing the student movement
223
What was the SDS?
The Students for a Democratic Society, set up by Tom Hayden in 1959
224
What was the aim of the SDS and how many members did it have in 1970?
Its aim was to give students a greater say in how the universities could be run, with 100,000 members in 1970
225
What did the SDS do ?
Set up the Free Speech Movement of 1964 in Berkeley University in California and in protest to the Vietnam War staged draft card burnings
226
What was the biggest anti-war movement, which was the most famous and why?
In 1969 700,000 students marched on Washington, and the Ohio Kent State University Shootings was the most famous as 4 people were left dead
227
Why was there so much opposition to the Vietnam War?
There was high casualties (14,000 by 1968), the US was supporting a corrupt government in South Vietnam and napalm was used, with innocents killed
228
What was the influence of MLK on the Student Movement?
His work with Civil Rights with sit-ins and peaceful protests were inspirational to him, as well as his speaking out against the Vietnam War
229
Why was the Vietnam War seen as racist?
A disproportionally large number of BA had been called up
230
What became more popular after 1980?
Soap Operas like Dallas and Beverly Hills 90210 and chat shows
231
When did gates set up Microsoft and sell Windows?
1975 he set up the company and first sold Windows in 1985
232
When was the internet made user-friendly and when was it first offered and by who?
In 1991 it was made user-friendly, so Delphi was the first commercial online service to offer access to it's subscribers
233
Which Windows featured the internet?
'98
234
What became a popular past-time of teenagers after 1980?
Gaming
235
What were the first 2 big gaming consoles and when were they?
Computer Space became a thing in 1971, and NES was introduced in the 80s
236
How did the younger generations change in the 90s?
They had more free time and did not actively socialise or get exercise as they used to
237
Which new invention in the 90s revolutionised communication?
Email
238
How many women were employed in 1945 and how many were in the army?
18.5 million employed, with 300,000 serving in the army
239
What happened to most women at the end of the war?
They willingly gave up their jobs and returned to the home
240
What happened to women in work during the 50s?
They were paid 50-60% of what men did, and could be still sacked if they married
241
What did people think of women in work after the war and why?
They treated them with suspicion as the media still attempted to show the best place for women was in the home
242
What new technology empowered women and why did they use it?
The contraceptive pill allowed women to postpone mothering to follow a career as housewiving was dull
243
How many women was there in university in 1960 and what made life better for them at home?
1.3 million women were in university, and convenience foods and labour-saving devices helped them as well
244
What percentage of the workforce was women in 1960?
50%
245
What was shown in 1963 and what was in it?
Eleanor Roosevelt's report about women in work, showing 95% of company managers were women and 7% of women were doctors
246
What was written in 1963 by who?
The Feminine Mystique was written by Betty Friedman
247
What did the Feminine Mystique say?
Happiness for women is not all tied to the home
248
What was set up in 1966 by who?
NOW by Betty Freidman
249
What was the NOW?
The National Organisation for Women was set up by white middle-class women to find examples of discrimination
250
Between 1966-1971 how much money had the NOW created and how had it done this?
$30 million in pay owed to women who had not been paid equally
251
What was the WLM?
The Women's Liberation Movement had far more radical aims than the NOW and were feminists
252
What did the WLM?
They burned bras, did not wear make-up and picketed the 1968 Miss America beauty contest
253
What was the effect of many of the WLM's actions?
They were ridiculed, and did more harm than good, detracting away from important things such as better pay for women
254
What gain was made by women in 1983?
Dr Sally Ride became the first American women on the space shuttle Challenger
255
How many women of working age were in employment in 1995?
70%
256
What percentage of managers, part timers and earnings compared to men of women in 1998?
30% of managers were female, 66% of part timers were women and women earned 75% of men
257
What was put in in 1963 to benefit women?
Equal Pay Act (pretty obvious what that is)
258
What did the Civil Rights Act do?
Made it illegal to discriminate on the grounds of gender
259
What was put in in 1972?
Educational Amendment Act, which made both genders follow the same curriculum
260
What was the most important court case of 1973?
Roe v. Wade, which made abortion legal in 46 states where it wasn't before
261
What was put in in 1978 and 1994?
In 1978 the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was put in place while the Gender Equality in Education Act was put in in 1994
262
What was the effect of the Depression of BA?
2 million BA farmers forced off land, unemployment as high as 60% in some areas with white vigilante groups preventing BA from getting jobs
263
What did the New Deal create for BA?
The Black Cabinet in which 50 BA served in
264
Which 2 women raised awareness for BA in the 30s?
Eleanor Roosevelt and Mary Bethune
265
How many women were employed in the government in 1945?
200,000
266
How many BA received training and jobs under the New Deal?
500,000 received training, 1 million received work
267
How did the PWA benefit BA?
Funded construction of hospitals, universities and housing projects for blacks and building clauses meant the building had to be in proportion to number of BA in area
268
What did the FERA do with BA?
Give 30% of funds to them
269
What did Roosevelt not do to help BA?
Support fair hiring and anti-lynching bills
270
Which 3 alphabet agencies were a tad racist?
TVA, CCC and AAA
271
What racist activities did the TVA do?
Refused to hire BA and in Norris (a new model town) BA were not allowed to live there
272
What racist activities did the CCC do?
Paid BA lower wages and forced them to live in separate camps
273
What did the AAA allow and what was it called because of this?
The AAA allowed landlords to lay off many BA so the NRA was called the Negro Removal Act sarcastically
274
What was life like for a BA soldier?
Segregated units which saw little action, certainly not a Marine or a pilot, who was treated better away than at home, found promotion difficult, had the worst job in the Navy (323 people dead in 1944 incident)
275
What was the blood policy for BA?
Only white on white blood used, so no mongrelisation
276
Which 2 groups of BA in the army won acclaim?
332nd Fighter Group the Tuskegee airmen escorted bombers, while the 761st Black Panthers Tank Battalion won acclaim from Patton at the Battle of the Bulge
277
How many BA pilots and Navy officers were there in 1945?
600 pilots, 56 sailor officers
278
What did Eisenhower believe in?
Integrated units
279
When did desegregation come in the navy, other services and whole of the organization
1946 was navy, 1948 was other services, and all complete by 1955
280
What was Executive Order 8802?
Stopped discrimination in industrial and government jobs
281
How many BA moved to the North during the war?
400,000 took part in the Great Migration
282
What was the CORE?
Congress of Racial Equality, inspired by Gandhi, took part in sit-ins
283
What was Truman's stance on Civil Rights and what did he do about it?
He wanted to bring in a Civil Rights law, and made many speeches about it (Fair Deal) but Dixiecrats and Republicans stopped him
284
How many BA had registered to vote in 1947 (percentage)?
12%
285
What was the evidence that made Brown v, Topeka viable?
It created low self-esteem, it was psychologically harmful and educational achievement was restricted because of the policy
286
When was the verdict on Brown v. Topeka announced?
17th May 1954
287
What was the issue with the verdict on Brown v, Topeka?
It said integration should come a the earliest possible speed, so by 1957 2.4 million BA children were still in segregated southern schools
288
What was the Southern Manifesto?
A document signed by many southern senators and governors which was against racial integration of schools
289
What was passed during the 50s and why?
450 southern state legislations saying that integration was illegal, because of Eisenhower's lenient stance
290
Who was Orval Fabaus?
Arkansas state governor who put the National Guard at Little Rock High School to stop 9 black students enrolling and caused the lost year
291
What did Eisenhower do about Little Rock and why?
He sent over 1,000 men of the 101st Airborne Division to patrol the school and guard the black students, as the white mob was shown on TV as repulsive and not like the freedom America was meant to be
292
What did Fabaus do in the summer of 1958?
Petition for segregation to come 2 and a half years later in the schools of the State in Aaron v. Cooper, which he lost so he closed the schools
293
How did Fabaus get the schools to be closed for a year?
He called an Extraordinary Session of State Legislature which said Little Rock had to assert it's freedom over the federal government. He then had a referendum on the closing of schools
294
Why did people vote for the closing of schools?
Fabaus said he would re-open them as private schools which were segregated
295
What happened to Faubus's plans of privatising schools and what was the effect of this?
It was rejected the same day as the referendum, so the community turned on the BA
296
How did the Lost Year end?
3 segregationist board members were replaced by 3 moderate ones and they opened the schools on the 12th of August 1959
297
What happened to teachers during the Lost Year?
They were employed and turned up to work but there was no one to teach
298
Why was Little Rock significant in terms of the job of the government?
As the President had to step in it showed Civil Rights could not be ignored, and the federal government could overall the state one where necessary
299
What did Little Rock do to the US's stance on BA?
As it was shown on media around the world, it showed the US as oppressive while criticising communism, while some whites saw for the first time the hatred for BA and became more moderate
300
Where and when was the James Meredith case?
Mississippi University, June 1962
301
What did Kennedy have to do?
Send in first 320 federal marshals, then more than 2,000 troops to stop the riots in the Battle of Oxford
302
When was Rosa Parks arrested?
December 1955
303
What made the case of Rosa Parks more likely in Montgomery?
The bus laws were very harsh, with BA having to follow instructions of white drivers and BA cannot sit next to whites
304
What was the initial impact of Rosa Park's actions?
Montgomery Women's Political Council leader Jo Ann Robinson held a one-day bus boycott, with thousands of leaflets printed
305
What was MLK head of during the bus boycott?
Montgomery Improvement Association as he was relatively unknown
306
What did BA do to get around during the bus boycott?
Black taxi companies helped in the first few days, and car shares with often cars bought by the church, occurring as well
307
How did the Montgomery police try to stop the boycott?
They arrested people for gathering in crowds (waiting for cars to take them to work) and arrested drivers for small infringements
308
What was the effect of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
On the 13th of November 1956 the Supreme Court said buses were to be desegregated
309
What was the importance of the bus boycott?
It showed that MLK's philosophy of peaceful protests with many people working together working the precedent of Brown v. Topeka could improve civil rights
310
How and when did sit-ins begin?
In February 1960 4 black students sat at a Woolworth stores white-only counter and were asked to be served. By the end of the month all Greensboro stores had been boycotted
311
How many sit-in members were there in August 1961 and why was it a popular method?
In August 1961 there were 70,000 participants and it was popular as bars, and movie theatres could be used as a stage for protest
312
Who lead the Freedom Rides and what was the plan of them?
CORE leader James Farmer and they were to see that all interstate travellers were integrated
313
When were the Freedom Rides and where did they plan to go?
May 1961 from Washington DC to New Orleans
314
Where was there violence on the Freedom Rides but what did not happened?
There was violence in Anniston, Alabama, Jackson Mississippi and Birmingham Alabama but in the end US Marshalls were not sent in by Kennedy
315
What was the effect of the Freedom Rides?
Interstate Commerce Commission ended racial segregation in bus terminals as so many BA had been arrested for using white waiting rooms
316
What did MLK found?
SCLC, the Southern Christian Leadership Council
317
Why did the Civil Rights issue exploded in 1963?
There was still no federal law which made southern states integrate
318
What happened in April 1963?
Marches began in Birmingham, and MLK made a speech that he would rather go to jail than let segregation carry on
319
What did MLK do when Bull Connor put him in jail?
He wrote the 'Letter from a Birmingham Jail'
320
What new tactic did MLK and Connor use with protests on MLK's release?
MLK used children and students in marches to test police, while Connor used dogs and water cannons on people`
321
How many children were arrested in 1963 May and what was this impact of this?
With almost 1,300 children arrested, people saw the violence of the police compared to the peace of the BA so supported the BA more. Also, Kennedy sent down his Assistant Attorney General to make a deal
322
When was the march on Washington and which groups took part?
On the 28th of August, 1963 the NAACP, CORE, SNCC and SCLC members marched on Washington
323
What was the aftermath of the I Have A Dream speech?
MLK met Kennedy who tried to get the Civil Rights Bill passed
324
How was the Civil Rights Bill passed?
Kennedy dead, at last Johnson can get the bill passed
325
What did the Civil Rights Bill not allow?
Voting rights
326
What did MLK do to try and pass the Voting Rights Act?
He marched from Selma to Birmingham
327
Who killed MLK?
James Earl Ray
328
What happened after MLK's death?
46 people died, 3,000 injured across more than 100 cities
329
What were the Nation of Islam's beliefs?
That work under MLK had been painfully slow, so a violent tactic was needed, and also they needed to reject their lave surnames to X
330
Who was the most famous member of the Nation of Islam, why, and how many followers by 1964?
Malcom X's brilliant oratory skills gathered him 100,000 followers
331
What did Malcom X set up?
Educational and Social programmes
332
What did Malcolm X do to the BA society?
Reconnect it with African heritage and spread Islam through the BA community
333
What did Malcolm X think of peaceful protestors?
He criticised King and his followers, calling his march the Farce on Washington as they all faced a white man who didn't like them when he was alive
334
What was Malcom X's initial impact?
He had a tremendous influence on young urban BA and showed violence could be justified to reach a separate black nation
335
What did Malcom X do after his visit to Mecca?
He left the Nation of Islam and set up Muslim Mosque Inc. and the Organisation of Afro-Americans
336
What was Malcom X's idea after he went to Mecca?
To use Islam to bring racial justice to the USA
337
What it Malcom X accredited for?
Increasing the self-esteem of the BA community more than anything else, and inspired the Black Power and Panthers movement
338
When was the Black Power speech made and by who?
Stokely Carmichael made his Black Power speech in 1966
339
What created the Black Power movement?
The frustration of Americans living in ghettos who were unemployed and lived in poverty and discrimination
340
What did Carmichael want the BA to do?
Live their own lives without white help, take pride in their heritage and promote African dress and appearance
341
What was the Black Power slogan?
Black is Beautiful
342
What became of Carmichael?
He was criticised for denouncing the Vietnam War, left the SNCC and became part of Black Panthers. Then left to Guinea in 1969
343
What happened because of Black Power in 1968?
At the Mexico Olympics the 200m and 4x400m relay winners wore a single black glove and black beret with the clenched fist salute when the US anthem was playing
344
Who did the actions on the podium of the Mexico Olympics and what happened to them?
Tommie Smith and John Carlos where criticised for bringing politics into sport and ruining the Olympic spirit and they received death threats as well
345
Who founded the Black Panthers?
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
346
What were the Black Panthers aims?
The 10-point programme they had
347
What was the Black Panthers struggle?
A class struggle, not a race one
348
What did the Black Panthers do?
They wore uniforms, carried weapons and trained members to fight
349
What happened to the Black Panthers?
They had internal divisions ending with 27 Panthers killed and poor support. they were heavily targeted by the FBI
350
What did the Black Panthers believe in politically?
Communism
351
How did Johnson get the Civil Rights Act passed?
Many people felt sympathy towards Kennedy and his cause so voted for the bill, while he used his southerness as a Texan to get some Dixiecrats and Republicans to vote for the bill
352
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do with the responsibility of bring racial injustice to court?
The federal government had to take the cases to court
353
What was created to implement the Civil Rights Act?
EEOC or Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
354
What was set up by the government in 1962 to increase the numbers of black voters?
Voter Education Project
355
Who ran the Voter Education Project and what did it do?
Members of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, which showed people how to register to vote and to get over barriers in voting
356
How many new voters did the Education Project get?
650,000
357
What happened on Bloody Sunday?
Marchers attempted to move from Selma to Birmingham, but at the Edmund Pettus Bridge they were stopped by violence of Sherriff Clark's men
358
What did Bloody Sunday cause?
Johnson to have to step in and pass the Voting Rights Act. He was also made to talk to MLK so MLK would not induce violence
359
How many people took part in the final Selma march?
25,000
360
When was Selma?
March 1965
361
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
End literacy tests and allow federal agents to monitor registration
362
What piece of BA rights legislation was brought in in 1967?
State laws forbidding inter-racial marriages were unconstitutional
363
What was brought in in 1968 for BA?
The Fair Housing Act, where discrimination in housing based on race, colour, gender, national origin or religion was outlawed
364
What happened in Watts in 1965?
There were large riots leaving 34 dead and $40 million in damages
365
What caused race riots usually?
Black youth arrested, police raid, rumours of police brutality and the explosion of a riot
366
When were the majority of race riots, when was the largest and how many cities were involved?
Between 1965-67 there was the most riots while in the summer of 1967 there were riots in 125 cities
367
What brought about the end of the era of the race riots?
The Student Movement and Vietnam War
368
In 1999 what percentage of actors on Network TV were BA and what percentage of the US was BA?
16% of actors were BA, 13% of pop. BA
369
Which 3 TV shows were BA the main actor?
I Spy with Bill Cosby, Fresh Prince of Bel-Air with Will Smith and Oprah Winfrey
370
What did BA find it hard to do in the TV business?
Become top sports presenters
371
Who was the first BA Nobel Prize winner for literature and when?
Toni Morris, in 1993
372
Name 2 BA Internationally renowned writers
Alice Walker and Maya Angelou
373
Who was the first BA poet laureate and when?
Robert Hayden (76-78)
374
Who was the first female BA poet laureate and when?
Rita Dove (93-95)
375
What was the struggle for BA trying to get into literature?
There was not enough good education for BA for many years and no previous BA writers accepted in the white community
376
Who was the most important sports man for BA?
Muhammed Ali
377
When did Ali when the World Heavyweight Title and how many times did he win it?
In 1964 he took it, he went on to win the title 3 times
378
Who was the most successful BA athletics man and how many golds did he win?
Carl Lewis with 9 Gold Medals
379
What was the most racist sport in America and who broke it?
Lee Elder playing in Augusta and the Ryder Cup
380
What is the issue for BA in American football?
Getting prominent positions in the team
381
Name some famous black actors
Eddie Jackson, Morgan Freeman, Denzel Washington and Samuel L. Jackson
382
Who brought race relations and poverty in BA to the front of media attention?
Spike Lee
383
How many BA have there been in both branches of congress since 1880?
121
384
Who was the first black woman elected to congress and when was it?
Shirley Chisholm
385
What did Shirley Chisholm do in 1972?
Ran for Democrat party leader
386
What was the percentage of black elected officials in 2000?
34.5%
387
Where has there been major and minor political movement for BA?
Major stuff at local level, smaller impact at higher level
388
When was the first BA female senator elected?
1993
389
What happened to Rodney King?
He was arrested and assaulted by police, which was caught on camera and seen by millions
390
What was the best selling album of all time?
Michael Jackson's Thriller
391
Name some BA music artists?
Martha and the Vandellas with the Motown movement, Stevie Wonder and Ice T
