Russia Flashcards
(405 cards)
1
Q
Who was Stolypin?
A
An early Duma who was unpopular due to Stolypin’s Necktie, in which he hanged all those who openly opposed the Tsar (more than 3,000)
2
Q
What did Rasputin do in his free time?
A
He had a hedonistic lifestyle and often put his friends in front of his job, such as when employing ministers
3
Q
Which materials in WW1 were in short supply for the Army?
A
Weapons, ammunition and boots
4
Q
Why were there food shortages during WW1?
A
Less food produced due to shortage in horses and labour rate down due to more peasants called up to serve in army
5
Q
What happen to industrialisation in WW1?
A
Lack of workers in industry caused factories to close and consumer goods, food and raw resources prices to go up
6
Q
What were the constant issues of farming in Russia?
A
Lots of land unsuitable for agriculture as tundra and desert. Also, very backwards and old fashioned farming methods were used
7
Q
Why was Russiafication important?
A
6 out of every 10 of those who lived in Russia had Russian as a foreign language, so leaders of Russia attempted to unify the country
8
Q
What type of thing did Russiafication involve and what was its importance in the grand scheme of things?
A
Forced people to speak Russian, wear Russian clothes and follow Russian customs, which led to resentment towards leaders
9
Q
Benefits of Orthodox church for the Tsar?
A
70% of Russians followed it, and it was closely linked to the Tsar and stated that he was chosen by god to rule
10
Q
Negative impact of Orthodox church for Tsar?
A
Those who were not members of it resented the power and privilege of the church, and also the wealth of the church compared to the poverty of Russia
11
Q
Apart from a complete banter lord, who was Sergei Witte?
A
Minister of Finance for many years, and attempted to modernise Russia’s economy and industrialisation by inviting foreign experts to help out
12
Q
Why was Count Sergei Witte’s work important?
A
Russia was rich in minerals and oil, and for such a large country, it had not successfully industrialised so manufacturing output was very low
13
Q
What was an issue always faced by those industrialising Russia?
A
The poor transport links
14
Q
What was on the up in 1913?
A
Output of Ukrainian coal, oil in the Caucasus, growth in industry and the size of the middle class
15
Q
What percentage of Russians were peasants before communism?
A
80%
16
Q
What was domestic life like for the new town workers?
A
Conditions were squalid, food shortages were common and food was still poor quality when there was some
17
Q
What was work like for town workers?
A
Working hours were long (11-16 hours a day) and trade unions were banned, with uprisings crushed so no better conditions could be reached. Poor wages
18
Q
Size of Aristocrats compared to land owned?
A
1% of population, 25% of land
19
Q
What happened on Bloody Sunday?
A
Father Gapon led 200,000 people to Tsar’s Winter Palace. With an absence of the tsar, soldiers panicked and fired into the crowd killing and wounding hundreds
20
Q
What started the 1905 revolution?
A
The humiliating losses in the Russo-Japanese war as well as Bloody Sunday
21
Q
What happened in the 1905 revolution?
A
Riots and protests throughout Russian cities, with no electricity at night, great food shortages, and a mutiny in the Navy
22
Q
What was promised in the October manifesto?
A
End to censorship and a national Parliament called the Duma
23
Q
How many different Dumas between 1906-14?
A
4
24
Q
What happened in the strikes just before the war?
A
In 1912 200 strikers in the Lena goldfields were shot dead with hundreds injured, sparking strikes in urban areas such as St Petersburg in July 1914
25
What was the Social Democratic party?
A political party led in 1901 that followed Karl Marx's teachings
26
What happened to the Social Democrats in 1903?
It split to the Lenin led Bolsheviks which believed in a small elite should lead a revolution, and the Trotsky led Mensheviks that believed in slow change from the masses
27
When did the Tsar go to the front line?
August 1915
28
What was a major issue of the Tsar going to the front line?
Left the hated Alexandra and Rasputin to run country, as thought of as German spies
29
What were there shortages of in Russia in WW1?
Boots, weapons, ammunition, raw materials such as coal, iron, steel
30
What were the effects of raw material shortages?
Factory closures, so long working hours for those with a job and also great unemployment
31
What was the major benefit and negative of the Tsar going to the front line?
It brought short term hope for soldiers and a morale boost, but all failures were blamed on Tsar
32
How many Russians died in WW1?
1,700,000
33
What is a damming statistic for the Tsar?
Russia has the worst casualty rate of 76% of all nations in WW1
34
What began in January 1917 and why?
Strikes in major cities, because food shortages and people began to demand it
35
Which event led to the growth of strikes in Petrograd in February 1917?
The soldiers garrisoned at Petrograd mutinied and took the side of the demonstrators
36
How many strikers were there in Petrograd before the abdication of the Tsar?
300,000
37
When did the Tsar abdicate?
2nd of March
38
When was Soviet Order Number 1 issued?
1st of March
39
What did Soviet Order Number 1 do to the power of officers?
Removed their power and made sure that soldiers never give their weapons to the officers. Also removed honorific titles for them and abolished off-duty saluting
40
What happened to the authority of Battalions?
Those who were elected by the soldiers to the Petrograd Soviet had authority
41
When did the Provisional Committee rename itself to the Provisional Government and became responsible for running the country?
3rd of March
42
What did the Provisional Government promise?
Reforms, and an elected Constitutional Assembly
43
Why did people immediately resent the Provisional Government?
It was not a truly elected body and did not represent the people of Russia as most members were middle class or aristocrats, so peasants did not see it as a change
44
Who was the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government?
Prince Lvov, a wealthy aristocrat
45
Who were the Provisional Government ministers?
Leader of Cadets and Foreign minister Milyukov
Leader of Octobrists and War minister Guchkov
Social Revolutionary and Justice minister Kerensky
46
How was the war a problem for the new Provisional Government ?
There were still defeats, soldiers deserting and then setting up soviets in Russian towns and cities
47
How did the people create problems for the Provisional Government?
Peasants looted property of landlords, desired an end to food shortages, and some minorities thought there might be a chance of independence (Poles, Finns)
48
Who was in the Petrograd Soviet in early March?
3,000 members, including Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks
49
What did the Provisional Government symbolise for the Petrograd Soviet which made them happy?
It was seen as the bourgeois phase of Karl Marx's plan before the workers revolution where the soviet would rule
50
What brought the PG and PS together?
They both met in the same building in Petrograd, the Tauride Palace
51
How did the PG and PS differ in their ideas of war?
Soviets only wanted to fight until Germany pushed out of Russia, but Government wanted to help allies till a German defeat?
52
How did the PG and PS differ in their ideas of land redistribution?
Soviets wanted land redistributed among peasants, but as many members of the Government were land owners they disagreed
53
Who incited the start of the June Offensive?
Kerensky
54
What was the June Offensive's effect on peasant's views of the Provisional Government and why?
It made the peasants hate the PG even more as 60,000 died
55
What was the June Offensive's effect on the nobilities views of the Provisional Government and why?
It made the nobility dislike the PG even more, as the offensive failed to reclaim land and when soldiers returned home they seized land from the nobility
56
Who supported the June Offensive?
Kerensky, who visited troops to get the offensive into action and persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and Stalin and Kamenev that it was a good idea
57
What id Germany do in April 1917 that irritated the Provisional Government?
Sent exiled revolutionaries back to Russia in an attempt to stir up rebellion. Lenin was one of them
58
Why was Kerensky so good at his job?
He was a good orator, a member of both of PG and the PV and desired change?
59
What changes did Kerensky make while Justice minister for peoples rights?
Equal rights for women, freedom of speech and religion, universal suffrage, amnesty for political prisoners
60
What changes did Kerensky make for workers lives?
Recognition of trade unions, 8 hour working day for industrial workers
61
How did Kerensky remove censorship?
Secret police abolished
62
What did Lenin think of war?
He hated WW1 and hated the fact that some Bolsheviks supported it. he wanted the chaos in Russia to end with peace
63
What did the April Theses say about the peasants?
Power had to move from middle to working classes. All land to peasants
64
What did the April Theses say about war?
It had to end
65
What did the April These say about the system in place at the time?
The police, army and bureaucracy should be abolished. Capitalist system should be overthrown by the workers
66
Which parts of society need to be nationalised according to Lenin?
Banks, factories and transport
67
What did the April These say about the soviets?
All power to the soviets, but Bolsheviks should take control to get aims
68
How did the Bolsheviks spread the word mainly before they came to power?
By having more than 40 newspapers spread the word
69
How did the Red Guard grow to 10,000 armed workers in Petrograd and grow in size around Russia?
Deserters from the army turned to the Bolsheviks
70
What allowed the July Days to occur in the short term?
A flood of soldiers back from the disintegrating Austrian Front, as well as an increase of Bolshevik support
71
What happened in the July Days?
In 3 days deserted soldiers and the Bolshevik Red Guard attempted and failed to overthrow the PG, with 400 killed and injured
72
How did Kerensky control the July Days?
He brought in loyal troops to quash the rebels, and then claimed the Bolsheviks should be arrested and called them German spies, which led to them going into hiding
73
Where did the Bolsheviks backing money come from?
Germany, in an attempt to destabilise the country, and wealthy Americans
74
How did Kerensky become very powerful in Russian politics?
Good oratory skills helped win over many peasants and workers, as well as closing down the Pravda and making good reforms as Justice minister
75
What did Kerensky become in the political sphere?
Vice-Chairman of Petrograd Soviet, then within the Provisional Government first Justice Minister, then War Minister, then Prime Minster after July Days, then Commander in Chief after Kornilov Revolt
76
Where was Lenin exiled to after the July days and what did he do while there?
He was sent to Finland, and there he controlled the Bolsheviks
77
How did Lenin's beliefs change about peasant during his time in Finland and why?
He agreed with peasants land seizures and encouraged them even more, which won over much of the countryside to his cause
78
Which 3 slogans did the Bolsheviks pick up after the July Days?
'Land to the peasants' and 'Peace, land and bread' and 'All power to the soviets'
79
Were soldiers pro or against war and how did the Bolsheviks use this?
Soldiers were against the continuation of war, so the Bolsheviks took up an anti-war stance as attracted many soldiers as they were peasants in uniform mainly
80
What happened in September 1917 that showed the Provisional Government were not in control?
The Kornilov Revolt
81
What were Kornilov's aims and why?
He wished to set up a military dictatorship, as the Supreme Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces as he did not agree with the Petrograd Soviet's desire to end the war
82
What did Kerensky do during the Kornilov Revolt?
He armed the Red Guard
83
What did the Red Guard do during the Kornilov Revolt?
They persuaded many of the soldiers of the revolt to desert
84
Apart from the Red Guard, what helped the fail of the coup d'état?
Printers stopped printing pro Kornilov Revolt newspapers, and railway workers stopped Kornilov's troops from entering Petrograd
85
What happened to the Army after the Kornilov Revolt?
Without a Commander in Chief, the morale of the army sank even lower, with higher desertion rates and officers still being murdered
86
What was the importance for the Bolsheviks coming to power in the Kornilov Revolt?
It provided weapons for the Red Guard, and also showed that the Bolsheviks had protected Petrograd, so many in urban areas not just in Petrograd joined them
87
What did Lenin have control over which helped the Bolshevik ascension to power?
The Red Guard, and the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets
88
What forced Lenin's hand into the Revolution?
Kerensky's setting of the date of the elections of the Constituent Assembly, and his removal of the 2 Bolshevik newspapers and attempted rounding up of Bolshevik leaders
89
What were the numbers of membership in the Bolsheviks in February and in October?
From 24,000 to 340,000
90
When did Lenin return from Finland?
7th of October
91
Who disagreed with Lenin about an October uprising and what did they do?
Kamenev and Zinoviev published their objections in a newspaper, alerting Kerensky and infuriating Lenin
92
Why did Trotsky go from being a Menshevik to a Bolshevik?
He didn't like the way Mensheviks were supporting the Provisional Government
93
Which jobs did Trotsky have in the Bolsheviks before the October Revolution?
Chairman of Petrograd Soviet and the dominant member of the 3 man Military Revolutionary Committee of the Soviets
94
What made the Military Revolutionary Committee so effective?
It had control of 20,000 Red Guards, 60,000 Baltic Sailors and 150,000 soldiers of the Petrograd Garrison
95
What did Trotsky do during October 1917 and where?
Worked tirelessly in the Smolny Institute (a former girls school) to plan seizures of key Provisional Government buildings
96
During October 1917 how did the Bolsheviks change their Red Guard?
Reduce their street skirmishes and massive demonstrations to focus on the revolution. They began to rely on small, disciplined units of soldiers and workers
97
When was the October Revolution?
The night of the 24th of October
98
What did the Red Guard do at the beginning of the Bolshevik Revolution?
Captured key stations such as telegraph offices and railway stations. Also set up roadblocks around Petrograd's bridges and around the Winter Palace
99
What was Kerensky able, and unable to do during the October Revolution?
He was able to slip away but was unable to raise troops to help
100
How did the navy help in the October Revolution?
The cruiser Aurora sailed up the River Neva and fired its guns, before pointing it's guns towards the Winter Palace
101
Who are the Amazons and what did they and the cadets do during the October Revolution?
The Amazons where a female battalion who guarded the Provisional Government. They and the cadets surrendered, dooming the Provisional Government
102
What happened to the members of the Provisional Government after the October Revolution?
Some were able to slip away, the rest were arrested
103
After the October Revolution, what was the Bolshevik led government called and then changed to?
The All-Russia Congress of Soviets, led by Bolsheviks with 390/650 seats became the all-Bolshevik membership Council of People's Commissars
104
Why were the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries unhappy with the Bolshevik take over?
It was not a Soviet take over of power
105
Who was Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin in the Council of People's Commissars?
Lenin was the head of the Government, Stalin was Commissar for Nationalities, Trotsky was Commissar for Foreign Affairs
106
What did Lenin persuade his party to stand for which other parties did not?
The end of the war
107
What did Lenin believe in when it came to taking power which other parties did not?
He believed a workers revolution was possible soon, unlike those who thought there had to be a bourgeois revolution first
108
Why were Lenin's slogan particularly good?
They were simple, so easily understood by normal people. They also focussed on key issues affecting all
109
What personal traits did Lenin have which helped the Bolshevik rise to power?
Great orator and had tremendous energy and vitality and good commitment to the party
110
What did Lenin persuade the General Committee to do in the short term which allowed a Bolshevik take over?
He persuaded them that a they should seize power, as without him they wouldn't had
111
Which 4 general factors allowed a Bolshevik take over?
Role of Lenin, weakness of Provisional Government, Bolshevik control of armed forces, lack of alternatives
112
Which armed force did Trotsky site as particularly useful and why?
The Petrograd Garrison, as it did not side with the Provisional Government but the Bolsheviks
113
Which 2 things did other political parties do that meant they could not gain support in 1917?
They did not show clear leadership, and wanted the continuation of the war
114
What did the Bolsheviks do to cause a higher rate of desertion in the army?
Sent in left wing agitators
115
What is the name of the Bolshevik government that was formed when the party had full control?
The Sovnarkom
116
What changes to workers lives did Lenin make in the December Decrees?
Factories placed under control of elected committees of workers
117
What changes to politics Lenin make in the December Decrees?
Cheka set up and the main liberal party-The Constitutional Democratic Party-was banned
118
What changes to bankers lives did Lenin make in the December Decrees?
All banks became under Sovnarkom control
119
What changes to marriages did Lenin make in the December Decrees?
Couples made to have non-religious marriages and divorce was made easier
120
Where was the Cheka set up and how did Lenin treat it?
It was set up in Lubyanka in Moscow, but had soviets set up all across Russia and Lenin gave it unlimited powers as it answered directly to him
121
Who did the Cheka target in the jurisdiction of the Government?
Civil or military servicemen suspected of working for Imperial Russia, families of Army officers, any clergy
122
Who in the general public did the Cheka target?
Workers or peasants suspected of not supporting the Soviet Government, those with private property valued greater than 10,000 roubles
123
Who led the Cheka and how did it treat deserters of the army?
Dzerzhinsky led the Cheka who shot deserters
124
Why was the Red Terror started?
An assassination attempt of Lenin
125
What did the Red Terror involve?
The removal of 50,000 people who criticised the government and other political parties
126
What did the Red Terror create and why was this important?
A sense of fear and terror across Russia and in the government, which allowed the Bolsheviks to keep control of the country
127
Who won the November 1917 Constituent Assembly?
The Social Revolutionaries
128
How did Lenin justify to the public the dissolving of the Constituent Assembly?
By saying there were Soviets in place already in a Pravda article
129
What in the short term meant that Lenin had to dissolve the Constituent Assembly?
The Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries plan to limit the powers of the Assembly where defeated
130
How quickly did Lenin remove the Constituent Assembly and how?
Within 24 hours of its first meeting, Red Guards stormed the Tauride Palace killing or injuring 100 demonstrators outside who wished the Assembly to remain and preventing elected deputies entering the Assembly
131
Why was Lenin so quick to end WW1?
He saw how it destroyed Tsarism and the Provisional Government, and did not wish to make the same mistakes. Also, if he was to keep the support of soldiers he must end the war
132
When did peace talks begin with Germany?
3rd of December 1917
133
Who was Russia representative during the Armistice talks?
Foreign Affairs Commissar Trotsky
134
What did Trotsky do during the talks and why?
He prolonged the talks, as he felt the workers in central Europe were on the brink of revolution, which would end the war and make peace talks more fair
135
Why did Trotsky leave and then come back to the peace talks?
Germany's demands were so great he left, but Lenin forced him to return because if the war continued the Bolsheviks may have lost power
136
Why did Lenin take peace in February 1917?
Lenin's greatest fear of the Bolsheviks being overthrown was coming close as the German Army advanced on Petrograd
137
Why did Trotsky carry on with his 'no war no peace' talks?
He had seen the dreadful state of the Russian army on the way to the talks
138
What did Trotsky do at the end of the talks?
He abstained on the vote and did not go to the final meeting
139
When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?
3rd of March 1918
140
How large a space of land and how many people were lost in the TOBL?
1 million square kilometres of land was lost containing 50 million people
141
What pieces of land did Germany and Turkey gain?
Germany got Poland and the Baltics, Turkey gained the Caucasus region
142
Who gained independence in the TOBL?
Ukraine and Georgia
143
What percentage of Russia's iron ore and coal did it lose?
74%
144
How expensive were reparations?
3 billion roubles
145
Who criticised Lenin for the signing of the TOBL?
Many Bolsheviks, including Bukharin, and the Socialist Revolutionaries
146
What gamble did Lenin take when signing the TOBL?
That in the end Germany would be defeated
147
What was Lenin unable to fix after the October Revolution which was most unpopular?
The food shortages and starvation, especially in towns and cities
148
What were the 3 general causes of the food shortages in Russia?
Problems of distribution, inflation and production
149
What were Russia's distribution issues after the October Revolution causing food shortages?
The railway system had virtually collapsed as no fuel was available, so it was unable to cope with transporting food to cities
150
What were Russia's inflation issues after the October Revolution causing food shortages?
Money was not used by peasants as it was worthless, so grain was used to fatten cattle, make vodka, or grain was sold it on the black market
151
What were Russia's production issues after the October Revolution causing food shortages?
Ukraine had become independent so Russia had lost it's biggest wheat supplier. In 1918 grain supplies were 13 million tonnes short of the countries needs
152
What were the international implications of Russia's problems?
There were no investors due to weak economy and inflation. Also, countries unwilling to trade, and Russia lost its big export of natural resources
153
What happened in Petrograd in 1918?
There was a mass exodus from the city of 2 to 3 million people as rations were at their worst
154
Before the Civil War, which violent group opposed the Bolsheviks and what slogan did they follow?
The Black Guard, following the slogan 'loot the looters' went around the countryside and cities taking over buildings owned by the rich. Shut down in April 1918
155
What did the Black Guard do?
They went around the countryside and cities taking over buildings owned by the rich, including 25 Muscovite palaces
156
What happened to the Black Guard in the end?
The Red Guar surrounded their houses in Moscow and destroyed their headquarters
157
What did the Socialist Revolutionaries do in 1918?
Driven from government for not signing TOBL and then carried out terrorist activities against Bolsheviks, including 2 assassination attempts on Lenin
158
Why did Lenin bring in War Communism?
To keep the soldiers of the Army supplied
159
What was the attempt and failure of War Communism?
It attempted to deal with food shortages but made the situation worse
160
What were the nobilities opposition to the Decree on Land and on Titles?
Their land was seized and they lost their privileged positions
161
What were the opposition to the Decree on Banking and on press?
Bankers and industrialists lost their wealth and political parties were now under censorship
162
What did the dissolving of the Constituent Assembly cause?
Other political parties to dislike, and have a good reason to dislike, the Bolsheviks, and joined the Whites
163
What did the signing of the TOBL cause in terms of opposition?
Nationalist Russians of all walks of life came together against the Bolsheviks and joined the Whites
164
Who were the Czech Legion?
A group of 42,000 soldiers who volunteered to fight on the side of the Russians to gain independence from Austria-Hungary
165
What were the allies plans for the Czech Legion?
To transport them across Russia on the Trans-Siberian railway to Vladivostok and the by ship to the Western Front with USA where they could attempt to from Czechoslovakia
166
What happened to the Czech Legion that caused the to revolt?
As they moved along the railway slowly, they got into skirmishes with other groups. This caused Trotsky to order the Legion to be disarmed and arrested. The Legion disagreed and revolted
167
What happened to the Czech Legion after they revolted?
They were furious as some of them had been arrested by local soviets, so took control of the entire Trans-Siberian railway by September
168
Why was the Czech Legion Revolt important?
It was the short term reason for the start of the Civil War
169
Who were in the Whites?
Tsarists, nationalists, nobles and those who were well off before communism. Also liberal and socialists who wanted the Bolsheviks removed and a Constituent Assembly in place
170
Why was the Whites size a weakness?
Many facets of the group disagreed on the final plan, with some wanting the restoration of the Tsar and the Socialist Revolutionaries wanting a Constituent Assembly
171
Where did the Whites get military help from?
Ex-Tsarist officers and Generals such as Denkin
172
Which 2 general groups of people where in the Greens?
Peasants and national minorities
173
Why did peasants oppose the Bolsheviks and the Whites?
They wanted the end of War Communism and not a Tsar back in place
174
What did peasants do in the Greens?
They formed armies, or groups of bandits who looting and raiding neighbours
175
What did the national minorities do and who were they?
They were Georgians or Ukrainians or Finnish, who saw the weakness of the Bolsheviks as a means of independence
176
How did the national minorities in the Greens fight and what is an example?
They used guerrilla tactics such as the ones used by Nestor Makhno in Ukraine
177
Why were there Foreign Powers in Russia from Europe?
They wanted to set up an Eastern Front but by the time they got there the war was over. They only stayed to guard Russian munition dumps in northern ports
178
Who were the Foreign Powers and what were their overall aims?
France, UK, USA and Japan all wanted to stop the spread of communism
179
Why were many unhappy with Russia apart from the spread of communism?
They withdrew from the war when signing the TOBL and the Bolsheviks cancelled payments of all loans given to Russia by the Allies
180
What actions could you do in the Red Army to get yourself shot?
Inciting retreat, desertion, not fufilling an order, throwing away a rifle or selling it, or harbouring deserters
181
Where did General Yudenich attack from and with who?
He attacked from the north-west with British support
182
Where did General Deniken attack from and with who?
He attacked from the south with the French
183
Where did Admiral Kolchak attack from and with who?
He attacked from the east with the British
184
Why were the Czech Legion such a large issue for the Red Army?
They were well trained and good soldiers, and were able to control the Trans-Siberian Railway from Simbirsk to Vladivostok
185
Who was blamed for the Czech revolt?
Trotsky, by Stalin mainly
186
Who led the Czech Legion?
Kerensky, possibly
187
What caused the Romanovs to move to Ekaterinburg?
Czech Legion was within striking distance of Tobolsk, where they originally were being held
188
What did the British do in the northern ports?
They seized them and set up Social Revolutionary governments there
189
What was set up in Ufa in September 1918?
In September an organisation called the Directory was set up, whose sole aim was to defeat the Bolsheviks
190
What happened in the Directory in November 1918?
In November the Social Revolutionaries were kicked out and the former tsarist officers put Kolchak at the head of the organisation
191
Who recognised the Ufa Directorate?
The allies and the Czech Legion
192
What financed the Ufa Directorate and the Whites army?
Former Tsar gold held in Kazan raided by the Czech Legion
193
What did Kolchak do in early 1919?
Went on an offensive from the East, taking Perm and then getting to the Volga
194
What was Kolchak's big mistake?
He stopped at the Volga when he could have carried on to Moscow with the British and take the city
195
How many men did Deniken have, and what was included in his army?
150,000 men which included many Cossacks from the southerly Don region of Russia
196
Where was Deniken's army in the Summer of 1918?
Tsaritsyn, besieging it
197
What happened at Tsaritsyn (Volgograd)?
Deniken was unable to take the city, as it was successfully defended under Stalin
198
Why were the events at Tsaritsyn important?
It meant the southerly and easterly White armies could not meet each other and it protected grain supplies
199
What did Deniken do in 1919?
He launched another offensive that got within 320km of Moscow
200
What happened to Deniken's 1919 assault?
It was driven back to Crimea by a Trotsky led counter attack. Deniken was then replaced by Wrangel who held out till November 1920 and the evacuated by the allies
201
How many men did General Yudenich have, and where did it go?
With his 15,000 men and the support of Estonian troops he got to the outskirts of Petrograd
202
What was the failure of Yudenich?
He was unable to secure the Petrograd railway, so massive Red Army reinforcements were able to turn up
203
What caused the failure of the attack that was not in Yudenich's hands?
The Bolsheviks promised independence for the Estonians, so they pulled out of the war. Without the Estonian support, Yudenich dissolved his army in mid-1920
204
How many men did Kolchak have, and who was he supported by?
He had 150,000 men, and the support of the British and Czech Legions
205
What happened to Kolchak and his army in the end?
He was driven back by counter-attacks by the Red Army and then captured and shot
206
What caused the failure of Kolchak, possibly the strongest army?
The counter-attacks of the Reds where determined and they quarrelled with the Czechs
207
Where did Miller attack from and with who?
He attacked from the North with the British
208
Who is Miller?
A General in the Tsarist days who fled to the north in a Bolshevik take over. He then named himself the Governor General of Northern Russia
209
What did Miller do in 1919?
He launched an attack from the north along the Dvina which was unsuccessful so the British pulled out
210
Where did Britain attack from in the Civil War?
From the south, in Transcaucasia, and the Baltic and Black Sea, also parts of Central Asia, and from the north in Archangel and Murmansk
211
What made the British Northern Russia Expeditionary Force (NREF) not very effective?
It was comprised mostly of men not fit enough to fight in France
212
Why did France hate Russia?
French investors poured millions of francs into Russia, and then the Bolsheviks nationalised foreign-owned businesses without compensation losing them millions
213
Where did the French attack from?
The south, in Odessa (where they set up a major Black Sea Naval Base) and into Ukraine
214
What happened to the French forces?
They became confused by the struggle between the Whites, the Communists and the Ukrainian nationalists. They left in early 1919 after doing very little
215
Why did the Japanese join the Civil War?
To make land grabs in Siberia, rather than fight against the Bolsheviks
216
Why did the USA join the war in 2 general reasons?
Fear of spread of communism and fear of spread of Japan
217
Where did USA place its forces?
Siberia and Archangel
218
When it came to leadership, what was the main difference between the Bolsheviks and their opposition?
The Bolsheviks had 1 leader, Trotsky, while the opposition had many Generals
219
What did the Reds have control of that helped in the transport of troops compared to the Whites?
The Reds had control of the railways in the centre of Russia
220
Which 2 major cities did the Bolsheviks control throughout the war?
Petrograd and Moscow
221
Which policy did the Bolsheviks use in the war to save themselves?
Centralisation, of the capital to Moscow and only keeping hold of the centre pieces of land
222
What did Trotsky become in March 1918 by Lenin?
Commissar for War
223
What helped Trotsky increase the size of the Army?
Conscription
224
What changes did Trotsky make to the structure of the Army?
He removed the elected soldiers committees and replaced them with officers, often from the Tsarist regime who knew their job well and wanted pay
225
How did Trotsky ensure the Tsarist's officers loyalty?
He kept their families hostage
226
What other change did Trotsky make to the officer selection?
He promoted talented soldier to officer status who would go on to do great things, unachievable in nobility dominated times
227
What did each Red army unit receive in the Civil War?
Political Commissar who kept an eye on officers and kept them in check
228
What brought back military discipline to the Red Army?
The restoration of the death penalty for a multitude of offenses
229
Where did Trotsky spend much of his time in the war?
At the front line, inspiring troops where the fighting was fiercest
230
What example shows Trotsky's unwillingness to give up?
When he decided to save Petrograd from Yudenich when Lenin had written off the city
231
How many Red Army troops were there in 1920 and why was it preferable to be in the army?
The 5 million troops had often a better life as of War Communism which supplied supplies and food to the men
232
What happened when a towns supply of workers ran out?
Peasant were conscripted instead
233
What did peasants in the army do?
Often they deserted at harvest time, taking their equipment with them. They also took part in uprisings and many joined the Greens
234
Even in War Communism, what began to happen at the end of the war?
There were shortages of supplies and boots were few and far between. Trotsky's train contained fresh supplies for morale however
235
Was discipline always good in the Red Army?
No, there was frequent indiscipline with some full-scale mutinies where officers were murdered and new ones elected
236
Where were the Tsar and his family moved to by Kerensky and why?
They were moved from the Royal Palace at Tsarskoye Selo and to Tobolsk in Siberia, as the palace was close to Petrograd and the Royals were so unpopular it was feared they would be attacked
237
Who ordered the killing of the Royal family?
Lenin
238
Why was the killing of the Royal family important for the Bolsheviks?
The Whites were getting close to Ekaterinburg and if the family fell into White hands it would provide an even greater focal point for the opponents of the Bolsheviks
239
What did the pairing of Lenin and Trotsky provide for the Reds?
Centralised and unified leadership
240
Why was Lenin so successful and useful in the war, for the Bolsheviks?
He was an inspirational figure, and a ruthless one as well
241
What made Lenin seem a ruthless man in the Civil War?
Introduction of War Communism and use of the Cheka
242
What was put in place for factory workers during the Civil War?
Sever discipline and strict rationing, with most food going for soldiers
243
What did Trotsky do overall in the Civil War?
Inspire and rally men and organise the Red Army, calling the shots
244
Which decisions did Trotsky make during his leadership of the Red Army which were great?
He defended the Reds internal lines of communication and railways lines strongly, so the strongest battles where often at rail depots. He also stopped the Whites the opportunity to concentrate large forces in 1 location
245
Where did the Reds move the capital to in the Civil War and why?
They moved it to Moscow as it was more central and has the best rail links for moving soldiers around
246
When it came to recruiting, why was centralisation during the Civil War important?
Most of the population was in the centre of the country
247
Why was centralisation important for military production in the Civil War?
Russia's main armament factories were in the centre of the country, and also movement of raw materials was easier due to train links
248
What set of weapons fell into the hands of the Reds which helped them a lot?
The stores of the Tsarist army and his old arsenal containing 2.2 million rifles
249
Which decree led to the most support from the peasants for the Reds?
The decree on Land
250
What did the Whites do which drove the peasants away?
Restored land back to landlords (some of which did not own the land before) and practised ethnic cleansing in the south with Cossacks
251
When it came to a cause, how did the Reds better the Whites?
The Reds had a single simple cause of upholding the events of the October Revolution, so received better dedication from soldiers than from the Whites who had many end outcomes
252
When was War Communism introduced?
Mid-1918
253
What was the economic situation in Russia in 1918?
Peasants wanted to keep land they had been given but not sell food they grew, so prices increased rapidly. Also there was inflation as the bank was allowed to print as much money as required
254
What was banned under war communism and what was put in place to replace it?
Private trading was banned, so grain requisitioning (and a black market) was put in place
255
What did grain requisitioning entail?
Squads going into the countryside to seize excess food from peasants, including the seed crop sometimes
256
How was the food issues dealt with in the cities?
Rationing was strictly put in place
257
What happened to certain factories under War Communism?
Factories with more than 10 workers were controlled by the Vesenkha who told them how much to produce
258
Who were the 'tight fisted' peasants?
Kulaks, or those who held an excess of grain
259
What did Lenin do with the Kulaks?
He tried to turn peasants against the kulaks but due to the tight knit communities many were unwilling to grass up kulaks
260
What was the result of war communism, felt in 1920 and 1921?
Extreme famine
261
What did many unhappy peasants do to the Reds due to war communism?
They set up opposition groups to the anti-kulak policy, and drove away those who came to requisition their wheat
262
Which 3 things were the Cheka responsible for mainly?
Law and order and control of political opposition
263
How many people were killed by the Cheka by the end of the Civil War?
200,000
264
How did the Cheka create a climate of fear?
By doing awful things to opposition and spreading stories of the events
265
Name some of the horrors the Cheka did
Remove skin from hands like a glove, scalping, barrel of nails, severing bones with a saw, impaling monks and burning them at the stake
266
Which 2 policies did the Whites fight for which were opposite so weakened them?
Monarchism or republicanism
267
How were White Generals relationships?
They disliked and did not trust one another, with many being suspicious of Kolchak's aims
268
What did a lack of co-ordination allow for Trotsky?
It allowed Trotsky to be able to take on each army at a time rather than a collected front
269
What were the Whites issues with transport and conscription?
There was poor rail coverage in areas they owned, as well as them being thinly populated so difficult to recruit large armies
270
How did nationalist groups fail the Whites and why?
The Whites wanted Russia to return to pre-1917 borders so those who wanted independence as a small break-off country felt antagonised
271
What were the issues with the British and French in helping the Whites?
There was only lukewarm support with many unwilling to fight. French ships mutinied
272
What were the issues with the Japanese in helping the Whites?
They were more interested in making land grabs than fighting against the Reds
273
How did White leaders treat their men?
Cruelly, and with contempt as well so soldiers were unwilling to fight
274
How did the foreign powers help the Reds?
They created a propaganda opportunity, that the Reds were the defenders of Russia soil
275
How did White leaders live their lives?
With high levels of corruption, often living in brothels and drinking and taking drugs
276
What was the success of War Communism?
It supplied the Red Army well
277
How many people died in the 1921 famine?
7 million
278
What were the effects of War Communism?
Peasants created less food, led to famine, led to international aid given to Russia
279
After the Civil War, were was the main source of opposition and why?
The countryside from peasants, as war communism had not been stopped
280
What was food like for workers in cities after the Civil War?
Inadequate rations, and often no food at all
281
What were labour laws like in the cities after the Civil War?
Very strict with long hours and the death penalty for striking
282
What happened to populations in cities during war communism?
Populations shrunk, with 70% of Petrograd moving out to the countryside to find food
283
What opposition group was created by the peasants against the policies of war communism?
The Workers Opposition
284
What was the winter of 1920-21 like and what did this cause?
The winter was harsh, so bread rations were cut by a third, so people demonstrated against the cuts
285
When was the Kronstadt Mutiny?
March 1921
286
What did the Kronstadt sailors want?
Elections to be held, freedom of speech and assembly and removal of political prisoners
287
What did the Bolsheviks do in reaction to the Kronstadt Mutiny?
They put it down with 60,000 Red Guard members
288
What did the NEP do about grain requisitioning?
It was removed, so while some crop had to be given to the government, the rest could be sold for profit
289
What was the short term reason for the creation of the NEP?
The severity and danger of the Kronstadt Mutiny
290
How did Lenin attempt to increase food production of farmers?
When they increased production they paid less tax
291
What happened to private trade in the NEP and what was the effect?
It was allowed, so goods could flow more easily
292
What happened to money and rationing?
Rationing was abolished and there was a new rouble put in place
293
What changes to nationalisation of factories were made in the NEP?
Factories with fewer than 20 workers were handed back to their owners
294
What did the Sovnarkom keep hold of in the NEP?
Key industries such as oil and coal, as well as transport and banking
295
What was the main reason for the NEP?
To meet Russia's urgent need for food
296
What did the NEP allow?
Russia a little breathing space
297
What were communists main opposition to the NEP?
It was betraying them and returning to capitalism
298
What new source of power was advocated in Russia in the NEP and why?
Electrification of Russia was seen as a good way to achieve economic growth
299
What did the NEP advocate in trade-terms?
As well as the ban lifted on private trade, international trade from foreign countries was also improved
300
What changes were made to allow electrification and foreign trade?
Power stations were built, as well as large scale exchanges of western industrial goods for Russian oil and wheat
301
What did a Nepman do?
They bought produce from farmers and sold the produce at the cities for a higher price
302
What impact did the NEP have in 1921?
Caused food to be in cities, growth in trade, shops and cafes reopened and Nepmen to appear
303
How much did grain and factory output rise by between 1920 and 1923?
23% increase in grain production and 200% increase in factory output
304
How much of trade was held by Nepmen in 1923 and how many of them were there in Moscow?
3/4 of retail trade was handled by Nepmen with there being about 25,000 private traders in Moscow in 1923
305
What changes to the lives of peasants were there in 1923 due to the NEP?
Peasants traded between villages in handicrafts, and peasants began to trade with Kulaks becoming a thing due to little interference in land managing
306
What increased in 1924?
Grain harvest, steel production, factory output, rail freight weight carry and average monthly wage for an urban worker
307
What were the 4 main benefits of the NEP?
Food shortages disappeared, peasants cultivated more land, industry increased and livestock increased
308
What did the NEP encourage and why (negatives)?
Corruption as people now wanted money, and crime as taxes on gambling in Moscow enabled the government to prosper
309
What were Nepmen and Kulaks akin to which irritated communists?
Capitalists
310
What large economic issue did the NEP cause?
The scissor crisis
311
What was the scissor crisis?
Where industrial prices increase as their supply was still behind demand, so agricultural peasants produced more to buy these industrial products, which decreased the price of the agricultural goods
312
What did Lenin do in 1921 in attempt to secure control of Russia?
Re-establish boundaries of the Soviet state
313
What did Lenin create in 1922?
The USSR
314
What was the USSR?
Many different republics under 1 banner
315
What did the USSR allow?
Having many republics under communist control, but having each republic have its own government
316
What were the 2 chambers of Congress?
Congress of Soviets and Congress of Republics, which constituted a national parliament
317
What was the communist party called?
The CPSU
318
What was the leading decision making body in the government and how many members were there?
The Politburo had 7-9 members
319
What was below the Politburo and how many members were there in it?
The central committee had 30-40 members
320
What did the Central Committee do?
Made some decisions but not the major policy changes
321
What was below the Central Committee?
The Congress
322
What did the Congress do?
Debated and voted on main policies
323
What happened to the Congress after 1921?
Lenin's ban on factions meant that when the Central Committee agreed on something Congress had to as well
324
Why did people join the communist party?
There were benefits and possibly a job
325
Which group lead the government and how many members were in it?
The Sovnarkom contained 15-20 members including Lenin
326
Where were members of the Sovnarkom selected by?
The Central Executive Committee
327
What was the Central Executive Committee's job and who elected it?
The Central Executive Committee had to organise the government administration, and it was elected by the Congress of Soviets
328
How often did the Congress of Soviets meet and what was it made up of?
Twice a year the delegates from the city and provincial soviets met
329
What did the Congress of Soviets have?
The supreme law making authority
330
Who was below the Congress of Soviets?
Local and district soviets
331
What was the Comintern?
An international congress of revolutionary socialists
332
When and where and how many members were in the first Comintern?
In 1919 35 groups met in Moscow
333
Who were the 35 groups at the Comintern?
Workers from all countries which were appealed to support the Soviet regime in any way
334
When was the second Comintern and how many countries were there?
In 1920 41 countries met
335
What did Lenin issue to the members of the Comintern and why?
He issued a 21 point programme with the attempt to ensure support of all communist parties under his control
336
What happened in Germany and Hungary due to the Comintern?
There were uprisings but they failed
337
Did all members at the Comintern get along?
No, some resisted control from Moscow
338
What foreign effect did the Comintern have?
It increased opposition from other countries
339
What did the 21 point programme entail?
All parties had to be structured according to Leninist principles of central control and discipline if a country wanted to be a member of the Comintern
340
What was Centralisation?
A one party dictatorship where a single centre government controlled all aspects of life
341
What was the Vesenkha?
The supreme economic council
342
When was the Cheka set up?
In 1918
343
What was foreign trade like in Russia between 1918-1922?
During the Civil War there was no foreign trade but after it the British and Russians made a deal
344
How much education did Russia give its people?
9 years of free education
345
What rule was schools under?
Commissariat for Enlightenment
346
What type of history was compulsory?
Teaching about the revolution
347
What type of education was introduced under communism?
Practical education focusing on technical subjects and industrial training
348
What changes did teachers have to their lives under communism?
They had less authority and were not allowed to enforce discipline or homework
349
What was the NEP's effect on education?
It meant that no money could be spent on it, so universal education had to be abandoned by 1923
350
Which 2 youth groups were set up in 1923?
Pioneers and Komsomol
351
Who was in Pioneers and what did it entail?
Children under than 15 took part in Scout-like activities such as camping
352
Who was in Komsomol?
Those aged 15-early 20s
353
What did Komsomol do?
Spread propaganda in towns and villages
354
What was expected of Komsomol members in the future?
They were expected to become party members
355
What was the name for the department of culture and who led it?
The Commissariat of Public Enlightenment was headed by Anatoly Lunacharsky
356
How did the art of Russia change under Lunacharsky?
From high art of the privileged classes to mass appeal activities, where workers were encouraged to make their own culture
357
What was the policy of workers art?
Prolekult
358
What did Prolekult entail?
Closures of libraries, art galleries and opera and ballet events, as it was seen as bourgeois
359
What was art used as?
Propaganda to promote communism
360
What was set up to get workers into the arts?
Studios, poetry circles and exhibitions
361
What new style of art was introduced in Russia under Communism?
Avant-garde style
362
What type of art did Lenin like and what group did he support due to that?
He didn't understand avant-garde art and preferred works from the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia
363
What style of work was created by the Revolutionary Russian artists?
Heroic, or Socialist Realism, where workers were depicted as happy and victorious
364
Why did Lenin like Socialist Realism?
The bad side of life was never shown and the message of revolution was understood by all
365
What changes to writers lives was made under communism?
All works were to be approved by the Government and positively depict communism. However in the 1920s this was not always fully achieved
366
What were Bolsheviks religious beliefs and who did they pray to?
They were atheists so Lenin told them to pray to electricity rather than god
367
What anti-Church law was brought in in 1918?
Decree on Separation of Church and State
368
What did the Decree of Separation of Church and State entail?
The Church could not own property or teach RE in schools
369
Which anti-god group was set up in 1921?
Union of Militant Godless
370
What did the Union of Militant Godless do?
Held debates on god to prove he doesn't exist
371
What did Lenin do to Churches after 1923?
He forced them to surrender their valuables by using local soviets as a force
372
Which department had the job of stabilising unrest?
Commissariat of Popular Enlightenment
373
What did the Commissariat for Popular Enlightenment do?
Used propaganda and censorship to stop unrest. Banned newspapers not overtly-Bolshevik and deported writers and scholars
374
Which group allowed for full censorship in Russia under Communism?
The Main Administration for the Affairs of Literature and Publishing Houses
375
What did Lenin want around cities as propaganda?
Statues of Marx and Engels, fathers of Communism
376
How was cinema used as propaganda?
It projected a clear message to the audience, and special trains were used to show the films
377
What did Agitprop do?
Set up stage plays, created pamphlets and other art forms to show a political message
378
Which group was set up to create films in the 1920s?
Proletkino
379
Which 2 big events were propaganda tools for the Russians?
May Day and the Re-enactment of the storming of the Winter Palace where 10,000 people took part
380
What did posters look like under communism?
They had simple slogans and were visual, and included a notice that removing the poster was a counter-revolutionary act
381
How did employment for women change under communism?
Many were employed during the war, but when soldiers were demobilized less women were needed so they were returned to textiles work and the home
382
What did the Bolsheviks think of traditional female roles?
They were wrong as women were seen as slaves under men
383
How was marriage changed under communism?
Divorce was made easier, and civil marriages were encouraged over religious ones
384
How was birth changed in Russia under communism?
Maternity leave was guaranteed before and after birth and abortion was legal in all state hospitals
385
What was the main issue with the new divorce laws?
Divorce rates were the highest in Europe, and many women were left single and pregnant
386
What was the female branch of the government called?
The Zhenotdel
387
What was good and bad about the Zhenotdel?
It was far in advance of most European countries however it focussed on social services and education rather than political involvement
388
What percentage of women were in the party by 1928?
12%
389
Who shot Lenin, when and why?
Dora Kaplan shot Lenin on the 30th of August 1918 as she believed he was a traitor to the revolutionary cause
390
When did Lenin have his strokes?
1922-Leaving him paralysed on his right side, December 1922-Stalin takes control of his welfare and 1923-Confined to a wheelchair
391
Who did Lenin want to lead the party after his death and were was this shown?
All 5 of Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin were to lead according to Lenin's potential testament
392
What was Lenin's issues with Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin?
Zinoviev and Kamenev were not committed to the 1917 revolution and Bukharin was not a true Marxist
393
What was Lenin's issues with Trotsky and Stalin?
He felt Trotsky was drawn to administrative jobs and never finished his plans, and that Stalin was too powerful as General Secretary
394
What was Lenin's opinion of Stalin in 1923?
He thought that Stalin had too much power, disliked his manner with people and wished for him to be removed from his post
395
Why did Lenin dislike Stalin?
He was rude, Lenin was horrified that Stalin's men had beaten up another Bolshevik leader in Georgia and Stalin and Lenin's wives disagreed, with Lenin never getting an apology
396
How did Stalin stop Lenin's testament to be known by everyone?
He used Kamenev and Zinoviev to prevent it being announced to the whole party
397
What did Stalin do at Lenin's funeral?
He planned it, he was the chief mourner, gave the oration and told Trotsky the wrong date for the event
398
What did Trotsky think about Stalin which helped Stalin come to power?
They underestimated him as a dull administrator
399
What was Trotsky seen as by the party and why?
An outsider as he was a Menshevik up to 1917 and had a Jewish background
400
What role did Stalin have in 1923?
General Secretary of the Communist Party
401
How did Stalin use his role as General Secretary to come to power?
He appointed officials who he knew would support him, and removed Trotsky supporters, building up a power base of people who were indebted to him
402
How did Stalin build up an image of being closer to Lenin than Trotsky?
He was the main mourner at his funeral and planned the event, edited Trotsky out of photos and published photos with him at Lenin's side, as well as using his place in the Pravda
403
How did Stalin beat his other non-Trotsky rivals?
By playing them off each other and isolating them against Trotsky
404
Which key tactical mistake did Trotsky make after the Civil War?
He resigned as leader of the Red Army
405
Which 2 policies of the future of communism split Trotsky and Stalin?
Trotsky wanted World Communism, while Stalin wanted Socialism in One Country which the public preferred
