Germany Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
What were some of the impacts of the Wall Street Crash on Germany?
A
Unemployment soared, homelessness increased and many were hungry
Many turned to extremist parties in large numbers who said they could stop unemployment (KPD and Nazis)
2
Q
How did the Nazis get financial support for the elections of 1932?
A
Leading industrialist gave them money for they disliked trade unionists and communists, losing them money
1932-Gained close links to National Party whose leader had newspapers Goebbels put anti-Bruning articles
3
Q
Why did people disagree with the signing of the TOV?
A
They felt it was a betrayal of the German Army
4
Q
What did politicians do when signing the TOV and what were they called due to this?
A
They performed a dulchdoss and were called the November Criminals
5
Q
Why was the Republic set up in Weimar?
A
After the January 1919 elections the politicians felt Berlin was too dangerous
6
Q
Why was proportional representation in the Weimar Republic an issue?
A
It led to many coalitions, so little was got done, increasing unpopularity
7
Q
What is Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution?
A
If public order in the Reich is disturbed the President may take the necessary measures to restore public order
8
Q
Who challenged the Weimar Republic and why?
A
The leaders of the Army wanted the Kaiser back as their status would be maintained under him. Judges and civil servants disliked the liberal views of the Weimar
9
Q
What deal did the Weimar make which helped it’s survival?
A
They struck a deal with the army leader, Groener, that the Republic will support and supply the army if the army supported them
10
Q
Why was the deal with Groener seen as a weakness for the Weimar?
A
It showed that they were dependent on the army
11
Q
What was Article 231?
A
The War Guilt Clause
12
Q
What percentage of Germany’s land, iron production and population (numbers) did they lose in the TOV?
A
13% of land, 48% of iron production and 6 million population
13
Q
What did Germans see the TOV as, and then therefore the Weimar Republic?
A
They saw it as a humiliation and a Diktat or dictated peace, and therefore saw the Weimar Republic as scapegoats
14
Q
What became demilitarised in the TOV and how expensive were reparations?
A
The Rhineland became demilitarised and the reparations were fixed at £6600 million
15
Q
What was the limit to the size of the German Army?
A
100,000
16
Q
What did the Weimar Republic do in 1919, why, and what did this cause to do with the economy?
A
They began to print money to pay for reparations which caused hyperinflation
17
Q
What happened when Germany was unable to pay reparations?
A
In 1923 Belgium and France entered the Ruhr
18
Q
Who saved the German economy and what did he do?
A
Gustav Stresemann introduce a new currency called the Rentenmark (later the Reichmark) and struck a loan with the USA
19
Q
What was introduced in 1924 and 1929 to reduce the burden of reparations?
A
First the Dawes Plan, then the Young Plan
20
Q
What did the Young Plan do?
A
Cut the cost of reparations by 3 quarters and extended the time of paying for 59 years
21
Q
What showed the Weimar had come to peace with the conservatives in Germany?
A
The election of wartime General Hindenburg as president
22
Q
Who founded the DAP and what did it stand for (in English)?
A
Anton Drexler founded the German Workers Party
23
Q
What caused Hitler to join the DAP?
A
He was so angered with someone’s comment in the meetings he was spying on that he made a powerful speech, so Drexler asked him to join the party
24
Q
When was the 25 point programme written and what also happened to the DAP at that time?
A
It was written in February 1920 and Hitler put the words Nationalist Socialist onto the front of DAP to make NSDAP
25
Why did membership of the NSDAP increase in 1920 (and the rest of time) and what did they do with this money?
Hitler's superb oratory skills increased membership and they bought up and published their own newspaper in 1920
26
What did Hitler become in July 1921 and what was the party policy called?
He became the leader or Fuhrer, and the Fuhrerprinzip idea of him being unanswerable to no one carried through the party
27
What was the job of the SA in the early days and who led it?
Ernest Rohm led the SA who protected the Nazi's in this violent time. It also disturbed Social Democratic and Communist gatherings
28
Who were the Bavarian Triumvirate?
Von Kahr (Government leader), von Lossow (Army), and von Sessier (police)
29
Who inspired Hitler for the Munich Putsch?
Mussolini
30
What was the great error in the Munich Putsch?
Von Lossow and Von Sessier were allowed to leave the Bergerbrau Hall by Ludendorff, so they called the army against the Nazi's
31
What happened after the Putsch to the Nazi Party?
It was banned
32
What happened in Hitler's trial?
He was allowed to make long, anti-Weimar and anti-Semitic speeches in court due to lenient judges, who gave him the minimum 5 years
33
What was the impact for Hitler and the Nazi Party of the trial?
Hitler became famous all over Germany, making front-page news and his message and the Nazi one was heard all over the country, increasing support
34
What did Hitler do in Landsberg prison?
Wrote Mein Kampf and came to the conclusion he was the leader Germany needed
35
What happened to the Nazis in 1926?
They did the Bamberg Party conference
36
What happened to possible rivals to Hitler in the Bamberg Party Conference?
They were won over by being made gauleiters or put into important positions, or replaced like Rohm
37
Which 2 groups were set up in Bamberg?
The SS and the Hitler Youth
38
How many party members were there in 1925 and 1928?
27,000 in 1925 to 100,000 in 1928
39
Who did Hitler target voters-wise after Bamberg?
Farmers and rural people who were suffering
40
Which 2 economic factors in Germany led to the rise of the Nazis?
Wall Street Crash causing inflation and death of Gustav Stresemann
41
How many people were unemployed in 1932?
6 million
42
What did the Nazi's promise that was so important in the Great Depression?
They promised a way out of the depression creating jobs and reducing hunger and unemployment
43
Who were the Nazi's complete rivals in politics?
The KDP or the communists
44
Who became the Chancellor of Germany in 1930 March, and what did he do in September and why?
Bruning became the Chancellor and called for a second election in 1930 as he did not have a majority
45
What did Bruning do during his time in office?
Use the President to create more laws, that restricted government spending making him unpopular
46
What did Josef Goebbels understand and who was he?
He was the Head of Propaganda and understood mass media and getting a message across
47
What did Goebbels use in his propaganda?
Posters, mass rallies, banners, newspapers read by thousands, making sure the Nazi's were always seen and on the minds
48
Which election was a breakthrough for the Nazi's?
The 1930 September one
49
Which tactics did Hitler use in the 1930 elections?
Opening old wounds with the November Criminals, making unemployment promises, creating a Jewish and Weimar scapegoat idea
50
Why was Hitler's persuasion with unemployment so good?
People of all classes were unemployed
51
What new technology to Goebbels use in the 1932 elections?
Planes so Hitler could speak to 5 cities in a day, film, radio and records
52
What was the March/April 1932 election?
A presidential one
53
Who did the Nazi's receive backing from?
Industrialists such as Bosch and Krupp who feared the spread of communism leading to the loss of their businesses and also trade unions
54
Who did the Nazi's buddy up with politically and how did they use them?
The Nationalist Party, the DNVP, whose leader Hugenberg was a newspaper tycoon so the Nazi's printed their propaganda in his newspapers
55
What did the SA do in 1931 and how many of them were there in January of that year?
The 170,000 bully boy SA members had skirmishes with the Communists and disrupted their meetings
56
What did Hitler have as a person which other politicians lacked?
Charisma, and the idea that he has given his whole existence over to Germany and making it the strongest country in the world
57
Which election did Hitler win?
The 1932 July one
58
Who stopped Hitler becoming Chancellor?
Von Papen
59
What did Von Papen want more than anything?
To lead the country even if he didn't have a majority in the Reichstag
60
When did Hitler become leader of Germany?
30th of January 1930
61
What was the deal in Hitler's coming to power?
He would lead a Nationalist-Nazi Government with Von Papen as Vice President
62
When was the Reichstag fire in comparison to the other events of the time?
It was a week before Hitler's 1933 March general election
63
Who was apparently the person who started the Reichstag fire?
Van der Lubbe, a Dutch Communist
64
Why did Hitler call for a March 1933 election?
To consolidate his power and so he could start easily pass Nazi rules
65
Why was the blaming of the communists of the Reichstag fire important?
It made the public feat the Communists even more, just before the elections
66
After the Reichstag fire, what did Hitler pass with the help of Hindenburg?
Decree for the Protection of People and State
67
What did the Decree of Protection allow?
The imprisonment of political opposition, and the banning of their newspapers
68
Why did Hitler struggle to pass the Enabling Act
He needed 2/3rds of the Reichstag to agree he only had control of a little over half of the seats
69
How did Hitler pass the Enabling Act
Through devious means, where Communists were not counted, the SA intimidated those entering the chamber, and by making deals with the Catholic Centre Party
70
When was the Enabling Act passed?
23 March 1933
71
What did Hitler do with the 'foundation stone' of the Enabling Act?
Suspended civil liberties, imposed censorship, controlled the press, abolished trade unions, and disbanded other political parties, creating a dictatorship
72
What is Gleichshaltung?
Bringing the German society in line with Nazi views, where the Nazi's control everything
73
What was banned in May 1933 and what was put in place to replace it?
Trade unions were banned and the Nazi Labour Front was put up to replace it
74
When was Dachau set up?
March 1933
75
What did Hitler do with Landers?
He removed their parliaments and put in their place Reich governors, centralising the government to Berlin
76
What did the SA members want which Hitler did not?
They wanted the more socialist policies of the Nazis to be implemented as they were working class
77
What did Rohm want which Hitler did not?
More government intervention, so a social revolution
78
Why did Hitler feel he had to weaken the SA?
It had become more powerful than the Army so threatened Hitler's power as it answered to Rohm. Also it disagreed with the Gestapo and the SS
79
Who was killed in the Night of the Long Knives and who by?
Rohm, Von Schleicher, Strasser, were killed by the SS
80
Where did Rohm see the future of the SA?
Incorporated into the army
81
What were others opposition to the SA?
The army felt threatened by it, and the generals of the army disliked its socialist nature
82
Why was the support of the army important for Hitler in terms of leadership of Germany?
He felt that the army's support would allow him to win the presidency, and also the army could defend him in any leadership challenges
83
When did Hitler become Fuhrer?
In August 1934
84
What percentage of people supported his creation of the Fuhrer role/
90%
85
What was the Fuhrer as a role, and what did Hitler also become in that time?
It was a merge of the Chancellor and the President, and Hitler also became the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
86
What was the RAD?
The National Labour Service, a scheme to provide young men with manual labour jobs
87
Who took part in the RAD and what did they do?
Men aged 18-25 had to serve for 6 months. They worked in camps and were paid very little, and did military drills as well
88
What did Hitler spend much of his money on in the first years in office?
Job creation schemes
89
What did Hitler do to create jobs?
Subsidise private firms in the construction business especially, and started the autobahn network being built as well as other public works
90
What did Schacht do as Economic Minister to stimulate the economy?
Deficit spending, as well as the production of Mefo Bills, so spending without inflation
91
What did Goering create in 1936?
The 4 Year Plan
92
What was the plan behind the 4 Year Plan?
To achieve autarky, where Germany will be self sufficient
93
What did the 4 Year Plan involve?
Experimenting to try and obtain raw material necessities from products that Germany already has, such as oil from coal
94
What did Nazi employment figures include?
Jews dismissed from their jobs, unmarried men under 25 in labour schemes, women dismissed from jobs or married, those in concentration camps
95
What did Hitler put in place in 1935 in preparation for war?
Conscription
96
What was a lot of money poured into by Hitler, that helped militarily and employment wise?
Rearmament, with coal use doubled and oil use trebled between 1933-1939. Also money was put into making tanks
97
What did Labour Front set up to replace trade unions?
Strength through Joy, or the KdF
98
What did the LdF for workers in their free time?
Provided a range of cultural trips and leisure activities at low prices, providing a service unable for workers in the past
99
What did the KdF do for workers when working?
Tried to improve working conditions, building canteens, swimming pools and sports facilities and improving lighting in the workplace
100
What did the DAF do?
Represented employers and employees, banned strikes and controlled wages
101
How did the DAF control workers?
They gave them a work book, which you had to own to be employed
102
What was the Volkswagen scheme?
Where Germans could pay 5 marks a week and buy their own car
103
What actually happened in the Volkswagen Scheme?
Nobody received a car by the time the war broke out and no money was refunded
104
What political progress was made by women under the Weimar?
They were allowed to vote, and 10% of Reichstag members were female in 1933
105
What economic progress had been made by women under the Weimar?
Many took up careers in the professions, such as teaching, law and medicine
106
What social progress was made by women under the Weimar?
They went out unescorted, drank and smoked in public, wore make up and were fashion conscious
107
What did the Nazis want women to wear and look like?
Long shirts, flat shoes, not wear make up, be blonde, be athletic and heavy hipped
108
What was put in place in 1933 to increase birth rates?
The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage, that gave loans to married couples that were paid off in quarters for each child born
109
What was Lebensborn?
Life Springs, where specially chosen unmarried women could donate a baby to the Fuhrer by becoming pregnant with racially pure SS men
110
What was the German Women's Enterprise?
A group that set up classes and radio talks on household topics and the skills of motherhood
111
What were the 3 K's?
Kitchen, church and children
112
What did the Nazi's want women in work to do and why?
They wanted them to leave work as every woman who left her job, a man replaced her, and the employment this provided gave the Nazi's support
113
What happened to the role of women in 1937 and why?
Women were encouraged to work as Germany was rearming for war
114
How did the Nazi's get women into work?
They introduced a compulsory 'duty year' for all women entering employment, usually helping on a farm or in a home for free but given bed and board. Also marriage loans were abolished
115
What did teachers have to do under the Nazis?
Swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and join the Nazi's Teachers League, and promote Nazi ideals in the classroom
116
What changes were made to textbooks under the Nazis?
Rewritten to fit Nazi ideas of history and racial purity, with Mein Kampf becoming a standard text
117
What type of education was increased under the Nazis?
Physical activity was increased, as well as military preparation for boys and home crafts and mothering for girls. Race studies was also put in the curriculum
118
How did lessons start and end?
Saluting and saying Heil Hitler
119
What was taught in history in Nazi Germany?
Evils of communism and TOV
120
How many people were in the Hitler Youth in 1939 and why were there so many?
7 million members as other organisations were banned and membership was compulsory in 1939
121
How did some young Germans challenge Nazi ideals?
Playing their own music, wearing their own choice of clothes and growing their hair long
122
Who ran the SS, SD and the Gestapo in 1936?
Himmler
123
What did the SS wear and what was their expectations?
They wore black uniforms and were expected to marry racially pure wives and be Aryan
124
What was the SD?
A part of the SS with the task of maintaining security in the party and country
125
Who set up the Gestapo and who ran it?
Goering set it up, Heydrich ran it
126
What was the job of the Gestapo?
To create a sense of fear in the public so they didn't criticise Hitler, and to remove those who opposed the state
127
What 2 groups were set up to control the court and judiciary system?
National Socialist League of the Maintenance of Law and the German Lawyers Front
128
What was set up in 1934 to try cases of treason and who were the judges?
The People's Court was ran by loyal Nazis
129
What happened to those in concentration camps?
Questioning, torture, hard labour such as slave labour to extract raw materials and manufacture weapons
130
What happened to the Cabinet under Hitler?
It lost all influence, meeting rarely and by 1938 only contained Nazis
131
What happened to the Reichstag and why?
Met rarely and passed very few bills under the Nazis and was used mainly as an applause machine for speeches as the Enabling Bills moved power to Chancellor
132
Who ran the Reich Chancellery and what was it?
Lammers, who had great influence over Hitler, ran the Chancellery which drew up new laws
133
Who was overall in control of the country and making new laws?
The Fuhrer
134
What happened to state governments under the Nazis?
They were closed down, with the country being divided into gau, and each had a supreme leader, a gauleiter
135
How were radios used as propaganda in Nazi times?
Stations were under Nazi control, and cheap sets were mass produced and placed everywhere (cafes, factories). Hitler and Goebbels often made speeches
136
What happened to newspapers in Nazi times?
They were censored heavily, with editors being told what they could and couldn't write with the threat and concentration camps for those who did not comply
137
What kind of films were shown in Nazi cinemas and why?
Love and thriller stories with a pro-Nazi slant, as political films were often boring which Goebbels acknowledged
138
How did Goebbels control films?
The plots were shown to him before they were put into production
139
Where were annual rallies held and who led them?
In Nuremberg SA and Hitler Youth led mass rallies took place
140
What happened in Berlin May 1933 by students?
A mass book burning of 20,000 Jewish, communist and anti-Nazi books
141
How did Goebbels control the arts?
All musicians, writers and actors had to be members of the Reich Chamber of Culture, with any who were seen as unsuitable banned
142
What music was encouraged in Germany under Hitler and why?
Traditional German folk music and classical music as well, as Hitler hated 'black' jazz music and anything modern
143
What changes to theatre were made under the Nazis?
Tickets were made cheap and plays focussed on German history, political drama, and racial themes
144
Which 2 architectural styles were encouraged under Hitler and why?
Monumental style showing the power of the Third Reich, and country style to celebrate Germany's past
145
What did Nazi paintings show?
Nazi idea of simple peasant life, with work as heroic, being a perfect Aryan and showing women as housewives
146
What did the Nazi's think Germans were?
Descended from Aryans, the master race
147
Who were Jews and Slavs portrayed as by the Nazis?
Subhumans
148
How was the master race to be achieved?
Selective breeding and destroying the Jews
149
How did the Ministry for Education increase anti-Semitism?
Putting anti-Semitic material into classrooms, teaching lessons which were dividing Jews and Germans, and banning Jews from teaching Germans before banning Jews from education in 1938
150
What did the SA do in April 1933 against Jews?
Boycott of Jewish stores and sacking of Jews from certain roles such as civil servants
151
What anti-Semitic measures were put in in 1934?
Local councils banning Jews from public spaces
152
What was the main anti-Semitic event in 1935?
Nuremberg Laws
153
What did the Nuremberg Laws contain to do with citizenship?
Reich Law on Citizenship which made only those of German blood could be citizens
154
What measures against Jews right and relationships were made in the Nuremberg laws
Jews lost right to vote, and Law of the Protection of German Blood and honour forbade marriage and sexual relations between a Jew and a non-Jew
155
Why did anti-Semitism lull in 1936?
Germany hosted both Olympics
156
How were Jews identified after 1938?
They had to register their possessions, carry identify cards, have the name Israel or Sarah to the front of their name, and have a red J stamped on their passports
157
What was the short term cause of Kristallnacht?
A Polish Jew walked into the German Embassy in Paris and shot the first official he saw, protesting against his parents deportation from Germany to Poland
158
What happened in Kristallnacht?
Jewish property, shops, homes and synagogues were attacked, as well as anti-Jewish demonstrations and sending 20,000 Jews to concentration camps
159
What did Goebbels and Hitler do about Kristallnacht and why?
They made it seem like a spontaneous act of vengeance by the Germans, as many Germans were disgusted by the events. Hitler blamed the Jews for the event
160
When was Kristallnacht?
Night of the 9th November 1938
161
What new decrees were put in place after Kristallnacht?
Jews fined 1 billion Reichmarks as compensation, Jews can no longer own businesses or shops or employ people and Jewish children can no longer attend Aryan schools
162
What was the plan in 1939 for Jews?
Forced emigration then ghettoization
163
What were the Nazi and Christian differences about personal values and those in need?
Nazi's glorified strength and violence, hatred of the weak, and racial superiority, while Christianity teaches love, forgiveness, helping the weak, and respect for all
164
What was Hitler's main issue with Christianity?
It sees god and the pope, rather than a Fuhrer as a leader
165
How did Hitler work with the Church in 1933?
He signed a concordat with the church, that if they stayed out of politics he would stay pout of the church
166
How did Hitler treat the concordat?
Poorly, priests were harassed and arrested, with many in concentration camps, Catholic schools and youth groups abolished and monasteries closed
167
What did the Pope do in 1937?
Make a famous 'With Burning Anxiety' statement against the Nazis
168
Which Protestant spoke out against the Nazis and what did he do?
Pastor Martin Niemoller set up the Pastors' Emergency League for those who opposed Hitler and set up the Confessional Church in 1933 and 1934 respectively
169
What happened to martin Niemoller and why?
He was sent to a concentration camp as he was a risk for the Nazis, but not killed as he was very popular as a First World War submarine commander
170
Why was the National Reich Church set up?
For those to join who feared the atheism of communism, and to bring people closer to Nazi values
171
What was the National Reich Church formed?
28 German Protestant churches joining together under Nazi pressure
172
What was a Nazi church like?
Instead of a bible and other religious ornaments, the church had a copy of Mein Kampf and a sword
173
What were the positive impacts of the war?
Blitzkrieg brought quick victories increasing morale and providing Germans with the spoils of war. Rations led to many Germans having a better diet
174
What policy was carried on in the war which led to rationing?
Autarky
175
What happened to young Germans during the early stages of the war?
The Hitler Youth carried out a variety of tasks including collecting materials to help in the war effort. Many children were evacuated from Berlin in 1940 but many came back when the bombs did not fall
176
What happened to women in war?
They were encouraged to join the workforce, with 6.2 million employed in 1939. In Total War those ages 17 to 45 were obliged to sign up for work
177
What is the Wehrmacht?
The German Army
178
What was propaganda used for during the early part of the war and what did it look like?
Propaganda was used to encourage people to help with the war effort, and keep morale up, with posters showing German crushing her enemies
179
What type of message in propaganda was used after Stalingrad?
Anti-Bolshevik and communism posters, so people feared the East's threat
180
When did Total War begin?
Goebbels announced it in early 1943
181
What did Albert Speer do during Total War?
As the Reich Minister for Armaments and Production, he geared Germany towards war production
182
How did Speer gear Germany towards war?
Took direct control of the war economy, and centralised planning for war production and the German economy
183
What changes did Speer make to factories to increase wartime production?
Gave factories self responsibility and each factory focussed on a single product, with experts overseeing the armaments fields and closing down small firms and moving workers to larger ones
184
How did Speer increase the size of the workforce?
Employing more women, and foreign labourers
185
What happened to food levels in 1942 and therefore what happened?
Rations were decreased, of both food and other items, so people dug up parks to make vegetable patches and a black market was set up
186
How many civilians were killed in the war?
3.5 million civilians
187
What were the impacts of Allied bombing?
Berlin, Dresden, Hamburg became ruins, low morale as many dead and millions homeless and a 60 hour working week was put in place
188
What was set up in 1944 to defend Germany against an allied invasion?
The Volkssturm
189
What were the issues with the Volkssturm?
It was made up of the young and the old, suffered from low morale, poorly trained and had few weapons
190
How did the war effect Nazi leaders opinions of the future of the Jews?
Allowed for more extreme treatment as foreign relations no longer an issue, it meant that they had recaptured Jews they had forced to emigrate, and had a much larger population of Jews to deal with
191
Who were the Einsatzgruppen?
SS murder squads who moved behind the back line of the German advance, raiding Russian towns and forcing Jews to dig their own mass grave
192
When were Death Camps established and where were they and why?
After the 1942 Wannsee Conference, and they were built in Poland, far from Germany so Germans did not know what was going on
193
Which 5 groups in Germany opposed the Nazis?
Young people, the Edelweiss Pirates, Swing Groups, the White Rose Group and religious groups
194
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
Gangs of young people dissatisfied with their current conditions
195
What did the Edelweiss Pirates do?
Go on walks in an attempt to meet and beat Hitler Youth hikers. Also pushed allied propaganda through peoples doors that had been dropped by planes, and provided shelter for enemy deserters
196
Who were swing groups made up of?
Middle to upper class youths who disliked the Hitler Youth
197
What did swing groups do?
They met in clubs and bars and played jazz, modern and Jewish music
198
Who set up the White Rose Group?
Hans and Sophie Scholl and Kurt Huber
199
Why was the White Rose Group set up?
Hans Scholl had been a medical orderly at the Russian Front and had seen the atrocities against Jews and Poles. He felt that if the public new this information the Nazis could be overthrown
200
What did the White Rose Group do?
Print leaflets telling people of the Nazi atrocities, and placed them in public places or mailboxes or doorsteps. They also painted anti-Nazi messages on building walls during the night
201
What happened to Martin Niemoller?
He was sent to a concentration camp in 1938 but survived
202
Who was Dietrich Bonhoeffer and what did he do?
A church leader who helped set up the confessional church and spoke out against the Nazis but then worked for a German counter-intelligence group planning to overthrow Hitler in 1939
203
What happened to Bonhoeffer?
He was banned from preaching by the Gestapo in 1937. He was arrested in 1942 and killed in a concentration camp in 1945
204
Why did Von Galen support Hitler's rise to power?
He saw Nazism and an escape from the atheism of communism
205
Who was Von Galen?
A Catholic bishop of Munster
206
What did Von Galen do after 1934?
He spoke out against Hitler in sermons, and in 1941 he gave many sermons preaching against euthanasia, the Gestapo, forced sterilisation and concentration camps
207
What happened to Von Galen?
As he was the Lion of Munster, and very popular, the Nazis only arrested him after the July Bomb plot. He survived till after the war
208
Which group set up the July Bomb Plot?
The Kreisau Circle
209
Who led the Kreisau Circle and what happened to him?
Von Moltke, was who arrested in 1944 for speaking out against the Nazis
210
Who devised Operation Valkyrie and why?
Von Staffenberg, as he hated the SS's brutality and actions towards the Jews
211
What was the plan for after a successful bomb plot?
The plan was to lead the Home Army in support of the plot. Also they were to set up martial law and an interim government, negotiating peace with the Allies
212
How was Von Staffenberg going to be able to lead the Home Army?
From his new post as Chief of Staff to the Home army Commander
213
What did Hitler do in retaliation to the July Bomb Plot?
He executed over 5000 people including Staffenberg and General Beck and many other Generals and Colonels
214
What changes to the army were made after the July Bomb Plot?
Germen Army was put under tight control by the SS, every member of the German Army had to reswear their oath to Hitler and the military salute was changed to Heil Hitler
215
What advancements were made in the west by the Allies?
The D-Day Landings, with the liberation of France. There was also the Operation Market Garden which attempted to speed up the Allies advance in the Rhineland but failed, and then the Battle of the Bulge
216
How was the battle of the Bulge lost?
Originally a quick and successful Blitzkrieg-esque attack, the Germans had used all their supplies and resources so were easily pushed back
217
When did Berlin fall?
May 7th 1945
218
What happened at the start of the fall of Berlin?
Russian shelling, before 1.5 million men entered the city
219
What happened after the Russians entered Berlin
Fighting deteriorated to house to house fighting, as the Volkssturm fought back. There was mass rape, violence and looting by Russians, especially when alcohol was found
220
What did Hitler do in the last days of the war?
Marry Eva Braun, expel Himmler and Goering from the Party and give Goebbels and Donitz leading roles. He then committed suicide on the 30th of April
221
What did the Allied air forces do during the war to defeat Germany?
The RAF and USAAF bombed cities, industrial areas, roads, bridges and railway yards to slow down German production
222
What did the Allies have more of than the Germans?
More industrial resources and men
223
Why id Hitler find it hard to place resources?
He had 3 fronts to fight on, the Russian, French and Italian one
224
How did Germany fair in the sea during the war?
U-Boats were originally very successful, but later sonar and depth charges from the Allies weakened the power of the U-Boats
225
How did Hitler personally negatively effect the war?
He meddled in military affairs, such as not retreating in Stalingrad and believing that Normandy was a feint
226
How many German civilians and soldiers died during the war?
Civilians-3.6 million Soldiers-3.25 million
227
Who met at the Yalta Conference and when was it?
The Big Three of Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met in February 1945
228
What was agreed at Yalta to do with Germany?
It was to be divided in 4 sections, and the capital in the same way as well
229
What was agreed at Yalta to do with Nazis and invaded countries and Japan?
The Big 3 planned to hunt down Nazi war criminals in an international court of justice, liberate invaded countries so they can have elections, and after Germany fell Russia would invade Japan
230
What could not be agreed on in Yalta?
Poland and what to do with it
231
What had Russia done that changed the events at the meeting at Potsdam?
They had still a military presence in the countries they had invaded
232
When was the Potsdam Conference?
July 1945
233
What new was agreed about Germany at Potsdam?
That it was to be demilitarised, a democracy would be re-established with freedom of speech, and Germany had to pay reparations, mainly to Russia
234
What happened to the Nazi Party after Potsdam?
It was banned, with Nazis removed from key positions
235
What were the defendants at the Nuremberg Trials accused of?
Conspiring to wage war, commit crimes against peace, commit crimes against humanity (genocide) and commit war crimes such as abuse and murder of prisoners
236
How many Nazis were hanged after Potsdam?
11, but Goering killed himself before he was hanged so 10
237
How was Germany denazified in 1945?
Wearing of uniform of Wehrmacht was prohibited, Nationalist Socialist Party was banned, German military units were dissolved
238
How was Germany denazified in 1946?
Those who were Nazi members before 1937 were banned from holding office, and Nazi literature was banned with control of newspapers taking place as well
