Flashcards in America Deck (186):
1
Opportunity definition
A good position, chance, or prospect, as for advancement or success
2
Inequality definition
The condition of being unequal in social, economic, or political grounds. Not having the same opportunities as others
3
Why were the 1920s the years of ‘boom’ for consumer products
Mass production
4
What did advertising do for American businesses
Promoted and put pressure on people to buy the product
5
Lassez-faire
The government should do as little as possible to interfere in people’s everyday lives; business men should be free to make profits
6
What did republicans believe in which helped American people in the 1920s
Lassez-faire
Tariffs
Low-taxatiom
7
What are tariffs
Putting taxes on imports making foreign goods more expensive for Americans to buy than home produced goods
8
What is low-taxation
With lower taxes, people would have more money left to spend which helped industrial growth; rich business men benefitted most
9
How did WW1 help the boom
There was little foreign competition. Other countries were more concerned about fighting the war
America made huge loans to Britain and France to help them buy weapons and ammunition
US firms made huge profits selling weapons to allies
10
How did shares help the boom
Millions of ordinary Americans became shareholders in companies which boosted investment in industry
If a company did well, they made a profit so share-holders also made profit and had more money to spend on goods which increased the demand for goods and jobs increased
11
How did advertising help the boom
The introduction of radio broadcasting in 1921 helped because companies could make people aware of their products easily
Mail order catalogues, posters and cinema adverts urged people to buy
Demand for goods went up as a result of this because people were suddenly aware of what was available
12
How did hire purchase help the boom
Poster advertisements, radio advertisements and travelling salesmen encouraged Americans to spend
If people did not have money to spend, people could borrow it easily. They could use ‘buy now, pay later’ schemes
Hire purchase schemes were a form of credit, 8/10 radios and 6/10 cars were bought on credit
13
How did mass production help the boom
The carmaker, Henry Ford, was one of the first businessman to use this form of production.
Making products this way made things cheaper and quicker. The ‘assembly line’ method could churn out millions more products this way
created more jobs - people were needed on the assembly line
Telephones radios, vacuum cleaners and washing machines were made this way, making them cheaper so more people could buy them
14
How had the car industry developed from 1890
Motor car developed in the 1890s
Build by Blacksmith’s and other skilled craftsmen
Took a long time to make and were very expensive
15
How did the moving production line help production
Beginning of the line, a skeleton car went in; at the end of the line there was a new car
Came off at a rate of 1 every 10 seconds
16
What impact did mass production have for Ford
More than 15 million were produced in mass production
Came off the line at 1 every 10 seconds
In 1929, 4.8 million cars were made
17
How had the motor industry improved by the 1920s
Employing hundreds of thousands of workers directly
Workers in other industry
Roads
Could buy a house in the suburbs
1 car to every 5 people in the USA
18
How did single women benefit from the boom
Allowed to vote and work in factories
No longer had to live at home until they got married
Became independent from men
19
How did single women lose out from the boom
They were still seen as inferior to men
20
How did housewives benefit from the boom
Vacuums and cleaning products - increased mass production
Cinemas
Credit faculties mean they could buy things that they couldn’t afford like cars and fridge freezers
21
How did housewives lose out from the boom
Even though they were supported by men, they didn’t gain the advantage of thinking of new ideas
22
How did native americans lose out from the boom
They were forced to live by the government in run down areas
23
How did immigrants lose out from the boom
Looked down upon by average Americans with suspicion
Laws were introduced
After WW1 they were isolated from society
24
How did black people lose out from the boom
Racism
Black and white people - different facilities
KKK race riots
Didnt have the same rights as white Americans
Lived below the poverty line - couldnt eat, buy clothes or pay rent
25
How did factory workers benefit from the boom
New jobs
Unemployment went down
26
How did factory workers lose out from the boom
Didnt have certain rights
Businessmen could lengthen hours and dock pay without interference from the government
27
How did businessmen benefit from the boom
Average Americans found confidence in the economy and started investing shares
Found the level of investment helpful to expand
28
How did businessmen lose out from the boom
Businesses forced to close
Boom ruined by the great depression
Stock market collapsed and share markets went to nothing
29
What problems did farmers face in the 1920s
Tractors, combine harvesters and other machines helped produce more food. Produced a surplus of food so food prices dropped. Meaning lower income and difficulty keeping up with mortgage repayments
Some evicted and some forced to sell land
30
What happened to black farmers in the 1920s
Almost 1 million black farm workers lost their jobs in the 1920s
Many moved from their homes in the south to cities in the north where they were able to find work on very low pay
31
What problems did miners face in the 1920s
The over-mining of coal led to wage cuts, job losses or mine closures
32
What problems did industries such as cotton farming and textiles face in the 1920s
They suffered from the development of new man made materials and they struggled to complete cheap labour from the Southern States
33
Jazz 1920s
Originated in the black neighbourhood, Harlem, New York
Provided great opportunities for black musicians
Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, Fats Waller and Benny Goodman
34
Sport 1920s
Babe Ruth of baseball’s New York yankees
Bobby Jones won the British open in 1926, 1927 and 1930 (golf)
Radio broadcasts, newspapers and magazines helped bring major sports events a mass audience
Pilot Charles A Lindbergh became 1st man to fly non-stop across Atlantic Ocean - NY to Paris - 33 1/2 hour flight
35
Silly games 1920s
Mah-Jong - chinese board game - many became hooked before crosswords were all the rage. When crosswords died out, marathon dancing and flagpole sitting became popular
Alvin ‘shipwreck’ Kelly set the record for flagpole sitting of 49 days
36
Movies 1920s
MGM, Warner Brothers and Paramount had studios in Hollywood
Weekly audiences of 35 million in 1919 but during next decade, audiences nearly trebled to a high of 100 million
37
What was the hays code
No kiss should last longer than 7 feet of film (3 seconds)
Members of the clergy shouldnt be used as villains or comic characters
Nudity is forbidden
38
Describe aspects of flappers
Low waist
Short hair
Make-up
Jewellery
Alcohol
Smoking
Chanel no. 5 perfume
High hemline
Flesh coloured stockings
39
Things that flappers would have rebelled against
Expected to not take part in sport or smoke in public
Expected to be housewives
Relationships with men were strictly controlled
Restricted clothes and behave politely
Not to wear makeup
40
Things that showed womens lives were changing in the 1920s already
Daring clothes, smoking and drinking in public
The right to voting
Wider range of role models
Working during the war
41
Volstead Act
In 1917, the eighteenth amendment to the constitution was passed
Prohibited ‘the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors’
Volstead act - law in 1920
42
Arguments for prohibition
Stopped people calling in sick from work as a result of alcohol
Alcohol - bad = ill health + increased poverty
Standards of behaviour had deteriorated in the 1900s
3000 infants a year smothered in bed by drunken parents
Children’s innocence and purity at risk
Unpatriotic cowards - dries
43
Arguments against prohibition
Many people didn’t stop drinking
Gang warfare broke out over the rights to supply American people with illegal alcohol
Increased violence and organised crime
Speakeasies
44
Effects of prohibition
Illegal ‘stills’
Bootleggers
The public not supporting the law
Rise of gangsters
Corruption
Showed it was impossible to enforce
45
Bootleggers
Canada
The boarder was impossible to control
People bought in alcohol through the canadian boarder
46
Illegal ‘stills’
People made their own whisky illegally
Major fire hazard
Poisonous
Agents seized over 280, 000 of these stills
47
Rise of gangsters
Al Capone - 300 murders
Network of corrupt officials - chicago mayor, William Hale Thompson, lawyers, Chicago’s police, prohibition agents, local government workers, judges
48
Corruption due to prohibition
Local government officials easily bribed
Law enforcement officers were involved with liquor trade
Difficult to get convictions
1 in 12 agents were dismissed for corruption
49
Showed prohibition was impossible to enforce
Not enough money to enforce it
Agents poorly paid
Not enough agents
50
Why was there racial tension in the 1920s
Many still worked for plantation owners - still seen as slave labour
Prejudice and discrimination - still looked down upon
Poorer education and health services than whites - white people didnt want them there
Gangs of whites called ‘athletic clubs’ - seen as a sport, used for enjoyment
51
Aims of the KKK
Didnt only attack black people, attacked Jews, catholics and foreign immigrants
52
Tactics of the KKK
Between 1919-1925 300 AA’s murdered by lynching
A lad once whipped with branches from tree until back was ribboned flesh
A neutralised foreigner was flogged until his back was pulp because he married an American woman
53
Membership of the KKK
White, non-jewish, native-born American
Christianity
White supremacy
Costed $10 to join
54
Being a member of the KKK
Own language of speaking and writing - began many letters with k
Shortened phrases and sentences into secret words
Started as a terrorist organisation
55
KKK
Klu Klux Klan
56
The melting pot
America was made up of different ethnicities, race and religion
57
Why did immigrants move to America
More jobs - willing to work for less as they didnt work for much in their original country
Freedom of religion, freedom of press, freedom of speech, the chance to vote
58
Why would immigrants lead to a divided society
Because the First Immigrants trying to show superiority over Native Americans but Native Americans were there first
59
1921 the immigration Quota Act introduced
Limited number of immigrants to 357,000 per year
Kept out people from Eastern European countries - fewer already living in USA
Number of people coming in could not exceed 3%
60
Does the Quota act cause a melting pot or divided society, why
Divided society because the immigrants will be seen as they werent allowed to be there
61
1929 the immigration Quota Act figure further reduced
150,000 immigrants per year
Immigration from Asia blocked alltogether
62
What caused the great depression
People borrowing money from banks and not being able to pay it back
Overproduction of goods
Wall street crash
People selling their shares for any price
63
Why were factories overproducing goods
Because they were making them faster than their could sell them
64
Why did people begin to sell their shares
Because they were worried that they wouldn’t get their share of company profits at the end of the year
65
Why did even more people begin to sell their shares
Because word spread about falling profits of leading American countries
66
What were the effects of the great depression on farmers
40, 000 crops died
USA’s international trade reduced from $10 billion in 1929 to $3 billion in 1932
67
How did the great depression affect the unemployed
13 million unemployed
50 banks went bankrupt
1932, Cleveland, 50% of workers were now unemployed
People queued for bread and soup in every city
68
What were the effects of the great depression on businessmen
6000 banks gone
85 000 businesses bankrupt
69
How did Hoover try to help America during the depression
Tried to restart the economy with tax cuts
Tried to persuade business leaders not to cut wages
Set up reconstruction finance company which supported banks to prevent the banks from going bankrupt
Tried to protect US industries by introducing tariffs, this invented international trade and made the depression worse
70
Why was Hoover regarded as the ‘do nothing’ president
He did very little to help the people who were suffering
71
Strengths for Hoover
Went to university
Belonged to the republican party, favoured businessmen and weather people
Helped to feed starving people after WW1
Excellent early career in politics
72
Weaknesses for Hoover
When out campaigning, he was often pelting eggs and tomatoes
Belief in lassez-faire
Wasnt a great public speaker
Belief in rugged individualism made him look uncaring
73
Strengths for Roosevelt
Promised to do the 3 R’s
Voters liked FDR because he had managed to battle back from personal difficulties
FDR’s illness and disability gave him empathy for the problems of the ordinary people
15 speeches a day
74
Weaknesses for Roosevelt
An only child with very rich parents
75
Why did Roosevelt win the election
Spend public money
‘Active government’ to improve the lives of ordinary people
Not afraid to ask for advice
76
What were the 3 R’s
Relief
Recovery
Reform
77
What was relief
The removal of poverty
78
What was recovery
Boosting the economy so people could get jobs
79
What was reform
Ensuring there were welfare provisions in place
80
FCA
Recovery
Farm credit administration
Aimed at farmers
Loans to farmers who were unable to meet their mortgage payments
$100 million loaned out in 18 months
81
FERA
Relief
Federal emergency relief agency
$500 million given to states to help homeless, starving people
Money spent on soup kitchens, blankets, clothes and nursery schools
82
PWA
Public works administration
Recovery
Gave funds of $3300 million. Money was spent buying materials and employing millions of skilled workers to build schools, housing, hospitals, bridges, court rooms and dams. Built 10 ships and 50 airports
83
AAA
Agricultural adjustment agency
Reform
When farmers produced too much food - prices for wheat, oats, barley, tobacco and cotton had fallen. Gov paid farmers to produce less and destroy some of the food they’d already produced. Hoped food prices would rise as they were in short supply. Farmers income doubled
84
Changes by Roosevelt in the 100 days
The economy act
The beer act
Emergency banking act
85
Emergency banking act
What did it do
Why did it make Roosevelt popular
How did it help America recover
Closed all banks for a 4 day ‘bank holiday’ every bank was inspected - only honest, well-run banks with enough cash were allowed to reopen
People were keeping their money in the mean time so when banks reopened people put money back into their accounts (totalling $1 billion)
Well-run banks could now lend money to well run businesses-create jobs
86
Economy act
What did it do
How did it make Roosevelt popular
How did it help America recover
Cut the pay of everyone working for the government, the navy, the army, and the air force by 15%
Helped the unemployed
Saved nearly a billion dollars
87
The beer act
What did it do
Why did it make Roosevelt popular
How did it help America recover
Made it legal to make and sell alcohol again
People were fed up with what prohibition caused - gangsters, killings, corrupt cops and crooked dealings. Meant this was no longer
The government could raise money from taking the money earned by the selling of alcohol
88
New acts
Social security act
The wagner act
The works progress administration
The resettlement administration
89
The social security act
Group aimed to help
What did it do
Elderly and widows
Provided them state pensions. Allowed state gov. to work with federal gov. to provide help for the sick and disabled. The act set up a scheme for unemployment insurance. This meant employers and workers made a small contribution to a special fund each week.
90
The wagner act
Group aimed to help
What did it do
Employees
Forced all employers to allow trade unions to operate in their companies and let them negotiate with employers for better pay conditions.
Illegal for sack workers for being in a trade union
91
The works progress administration
Group aimed to help
What did it do
Unemployed and office workers
Brought together all organisations whose aim was to create jobs. Extended this work beyond building projects to create jobs for office workers and even unemployed actors, artists and photographers. The gov. Paid artists to paint pictures to be displayed in towns and cities
92
The resettlement administration
Group aimed to help
What did it do
Smallholders and tenant farmers who had not been helped by the AAA
Moved over 500,000 families to better quality land and housing
93
How was the new deal a success for the unemployed and the economy
The new deal created millions of jobs
The new deal stabilised the American banking system
94
How was the new deal a success for native americans
The indian reservation act helped native americans preserve and practice their traditions laws and culture
The Indian reorganisation act 1934 provided money to help Native Americans to buy and improve land
95
How was the new deal a success for African Americans
Many African Americans benefitted from the New Deal slum clearance and housing projects
Around 200,000 African Americans gained beliefs from the civilian Conservation corps and other new deal agencies
96
How was the New Deal a success for women
The new deal saw some women achieve prominent positions. Elenor Roosevelt became an important campaigner on social issues
97
How was the new deal a success for industrial workers
The new deal measures strengthened the position of labour unions against large american industrial giants
Roosevelts government generally tried to support unions and make large companies negotiate with them
98
How was the new deal a success for society
The new deal restored the faith of the American people in their government
The new deal was a huge social and economic programme. It set the tone for future policies for the government to help people
99
How was the new deal a limitation for the unemployed and the economy
Big businesses remained immensely powerful in the USA despite being challenged by the government
Confidence remained low - throughout the 1930s Americans only spent and invested about 75% of what they had before 1929
6 million unemployed in 1941 and only the USA’s entry to the war brought an end to unemployment
The US economy took longer to recover than most European countries
It never solved underlying economic problems
100
What were the limitations of the new deal on native americans
Native Americans remained poor and excluded section of society
101
How was the new deal a limitation for african americans
Roosevelt failed to pass laws against lynching of African Americans. He feared the democrat senators in the southern states would not support him
102
How was the new deal a limitation for women
Most of the new deal programmes were aimed to help male manual workers rather than women
Only about 8000 involved in the CCC
103
What were the limitations of the new deal on industrial workers
Unions were treated with suspicion by employers and many strikes were broken up with brutal violence in the 1930s
104
What were the limitations of the new deal on society
The new deal divided the USA. Roosevelt and his officials were often accused of being communists and of undermining American values. Ikes and Hopkins were often accused of anti-business because they supported trade unions
105
Sport in the 1930s
Those who couldn’t travel to watch sports games could still listen on the radio
Huge numbers travelled to watch baseball teams
Teams such as the Harlem Globetrotters became famous beyond the USA
106
Radio in the 1930s
Comedians such as Jack Benny became famous
28 million homes processing a radio since 1939
Promoted soap operas, eg our gal sunday told over many weeks the saga of a small town girl who fell in love with a weathy englishman
107
Cinemas/films in the 1930s
‘Swing time’ (1936) starred Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers
Talkies began to replace silent movies
John Steinbecks novel ‘the grapes of wrath’ was made into a film in 1940
Films were becoming more expansive
108
Did the new deal increase employment
Did WW2 increase employment
Increased but still unemployment
Yes
109
Did the new deal increase governmental funds
Did ww2 increase governmental funs
No
Yes
$129 billion put into the government through war bonds
110
Did the new deal increase wages and spending power
No
Tried to
111
Did World War Two increase wages and spending power
Yes, increased wages led to spending power
112
Did the new deal lead to a recovery in farming
Slightly
113
Did ww2 lead to a recovery in farming
Yes
114
Did the new deal lead to new companies starting
Attempted to but didn’t work
115
Did ww2 lead to new companies starting
Yes
1/2 a million new businesses started
116
What was lend lease
In March 1941, FDR agreed to a Lend Lease deal with Britain where instead of selling, America would ‘lend’ Britain up to $7000 million worth of weapons. Most people knew that America would never get them or want them back.
117
Lend lease facts
A total of $50.1 billion dollars worth of materials during wartime
By the end of the war, Lend Lease was sending arms, food, medicine and other equipment to the USSR, China, France, and many other nations fighting against Japan or Germany
118
What was the economic impact of the second world war on the USA? What did it lead to
It had a good impact
It led to rise in employment, lend lease, wartime production
119
Facts for the rise in employment in America due to WW2
300, 000 women joined the armed forces and 7 million joined the workforce
California saw an influx of 1.5 million new workers
Unemployed men became trainee soldiers, sailors, and pilots
General motors alone took on an extra 0.75 new workers during the war
120
Was World War Two good for African Americans, Women, Immigrants etc. ?
Yes because it meant they could get jobs due to the rise in employment for the manufacture of goods and weapons needed during the war
121
Facts for wartime production
By 1944, the USA was producing almost half of the weapons being made in the world
102, 351 tanks
20, 086, 061 small guns
5, 822, 000 aircraft bombs
122
The economic consequences of WW2 for the USA
More than 1/2 a million new businesses started up during the war
Wrigley took on the role of packaging rations of US forces
Ended unemployment
During the war, Americans contributed to $109 billion dollars to the war effort by buying bonds
123
What does the NAACP stand for
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured people
124
Who founded the NAACP
Web Du Bois
125
When was the NAACP founded
1910
126
What did the NAACP do
Worked hard to improve the rights for black people
127
What happened when President Roosevelt tried to make lynching illegal
He dropped it because he saw how many votes he lost as a result of it
128
How did African Americans contribute towards the war efforts in WW2
Over 1 million African American soldiers joined or were conscripted into the armed forces. Black people did menial roles in the army
129
What happened to African American soldiers in 1944
About 2 million African Americans were working in factories producing war materials
A sizeable number were stationed in Britain. Whilst in Britain they were able to go into pubs and restaurants with white people
130
What happened to the membership of the NAACP after the war
It rose from 50, 000 to nearly half a million
131
Facts for women working during World War Two
1 in 3 aircraft workers were women
Women were given difficult welching jobs in awkward parts of aircraft bodies because they were smaller and more agile
Most fuses were made by women as they had more nimble fingers
Nearly 200,000 joined the armed forces in the Women’s army Corps or the Navys Women accepted volunteer for emergency services
132
How did the second world war affect women
They were able to work in mens jobs and managed to get the vote.
133
How were African Americans affected by the second world war
They were able to work in the armed forces and factories
134
Popular culture in the 1950s
Most TV programmes were game shows, sitcoms and soap opera
American youth had more leisure time and more spending money
Rock and roll music
Singers such as Elvis Presley took the stage, he had at least 170 hit singles and over 80 top selling albums
The popular culture became dominated by radio, TV and cinema
135
Consumerism and the cause of prosperity in the 1950s
During the 1950s the GNP (total value of goods) doubled
During the 1950s America was producing 1/2 of the worlds goods
Rapid economic growth provided most middle class white Americas with a comfortable lifestyle
The USA had suffered no mainland bomb damage, unlike all her industrial competitions
136
The American dream facts
Many modern conveniences became expected as the norm - refrigerators, washing machines and televisions
In the 1960s the living standard of the average American was 3 times that of the average British person
Shopping became a popular recreational activity
Hire purchase became the normal way to buy as people got used to it
137
Why did hire purchase become the normal way to buy
Because people got used to living on credit rather than saving up
138
Why did the rise in the members of the NAACP lead to tension
White people would see it as a threat because the members wanted to be equal
139
What were freedom rides
The freedom riders deliberately rode on buses in the city of Birmingham, Alabama to highlight that many states were not obeying the order to desegregate bus services after the Montgomery ruling
140
Who organised freedom rides
The SNCC
141
What were the results of freedom rides
African Americans and their white supporters had shown that they were no longer prepared to be intimidated
142
What was CORE
The congress of Racial Equality formed by another civil rights activist called James Farmer
143
What was the SNCC
The student Non-violent co-ordinating committee
It was set up when African Americans and white American students were deeply moved by the civil rights movement and played a major role in it.
144
What was the SCLC
King formed a southern christian leadership conference. It ran conferences and trained civil rights activists in techniques of non-violent protest and how to handle the police, the law and media
145
What were sit ins
African Americans sit down on whites only seats and refuse to move
146
When did sit ins start
When members of the SNCC began to campaign, 4 black students sat down in whites only seats and refused to leave the lunch counter when they were refused service. The next day, 23 more students did the same, the day after 66 students. Within a week, 400 African Americans and white students were organising sit ins
147
Who organised sit ins
Students, in their local lunch counters
148
What were the results of sit ins
This tactic spread to other cities. By the end of 1960 lunch counters had been desegregated in 126 cities
149
When was the March on Washington
1963
150
What was the march on Washington
Martin Luther King staged his most high profile event. Over 200,000 black people and 50, 000 white people marched together to the federal capital, Washington
151
Who organised the March on Washington
Martin Luther King along with african americans and white people
152
What were the results of the march on washington
The march had a large impact on the American public opinion
153
When was the march on Birmingham
April 1963
154
Selma
In early 1965 King organised a ‘voting rights’ march through Selma, Alabama
The authorities banned the March
600 people went ahead anyway on the 7th of March
It was brutally attacked and was named “Bloody Sunday”
155
The civil rights act 1968
This dealt with other acts of discrimination. Housing could not be sold or rented on the basis of race; religion, national origin or sex
156
Voting rights act 1965
King’s restraint helped President Johnson to force through a voting rights bill 1965. Allowed gov. agents to inspect voting procedures to make sure they were taking place properly
Ended the literacy tests voters had previously before they voted. These discriminated against African Americans
157
The assassination of Martin Luther King
1968
By a hired killer
Marked the end of an era for the Civil Rights movement
Segregation was now illegal
158
When was the little rock nine
1957
159
When was brown vs topeca
1954
160
When was the bus boycott
1955-1956
161
When were sit ins
1960
162
When were freedom rides
1961
163
What was McCarthyism
Extreme opposition in the USA to Communism in the 1940s and the 1950s, led by Senator Joe McCarthy
164
How was Martin Luther King different to Malcom X
Malcom X used violent methods of protesting
165
What did Malcom X believe the civil rights did
Held back black people
166
What did Malcom X want
To see African Americans rise up and create their own separate Black State in the USA and by force if necessary
167
Who was President Johnson
An experienced politician who knew how to get things done and how to make deals with Congress. He was far more successful than other Presidents at getting things passed through Congress. He was a southerner so he knew how to deal with southern democrats and overcame their opposition
168
What were the new frontier policies
Civil rights
Economic reforms
Social reforms
169
How were social reforms created by Johnson a success
Increased minimum wage from $1 an hour to $1.25
Area of development act helped poor communities to get grants or loans to start new businesses
Housing Act enabled people in run down areas to get loans to improve their housing and local authorities could get money to clear slums
170
How were social reforms created by Johnson limitations
Slum clearance itself created housing shortages in inner city areas
Medicare, which included free medical care for the old was thrown out by Congress
The minimum wage only helped out people who had a job
Poor people couldn’t afford to pay back housing loans
171
How were economic reforms created by Johnson a success
He limited prices and wages to insure inflation didn’t spiral out of control
Cut income taxes to give people more spending money
Increased spending on defence and space technology which secured/created jobs and promised the USA would put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s
172
How were economic reforms created by Johnson a limitation
There was still unemployment in traditional industries such as coal, iron and steel.
Unemployment was twice as high among black americans
The boom was heavily dependent on government spending
173
How were the civil rights created by Johnson a success
By the summer of 1963, Alabama was the only state with segregated education systems
Threatened legal action against Louisiana state for refusing to fund unsegregated schools
Introduces a civil rights bill to congress in February 1963. Aimed to give black people equality in public housing and education
174
How were the civil rights created by Johnson limitations
He did not play a leading role in the Civil Rights Movement for fear of losing the support of southern democrats who opposed to civil rights
175
What was the key aim of civil rights
To remove all discrimination in education and employment
176
Give 2 main measures of civil rights
Appointed agents to ensure that voting procedures were carried out properly
In 1967, the Supreme Court declared all laws banning mixed race marriages were to be removed
177
What were the limitations of civil rights
It did not fully stop discrimination
178
Key aim when reforming the economy in the 1960s
To cut unemployment and encourage economic growth
179
Main measures when reforming the economy
Those from poor backgrounds were helped with low-interest loans so they could study at university
Spent $1.5 billion in 1965 so that teachers could provide additional education for very young children from poor backgrounds
180
Limitations on Johnson reforming the economy
Republicans accused him of wasting money on welfare programmes and undermining ‘rugged individualism’
The early public enthusiasm for the Great Society faded as taxes went up to pay for his programme and inflation reached 6% in 1968
181
What was the key aim for Johnson’s social reforms
To remove poverty in the inner cities and provide free heath care for those in need
182
Name 2 key measures for Johnsons social reforms
Free heath care for those over 65, and in the following year, Medicaid which gave free treatment to those receiving welfare benefits
Minimum wage was increased from $1.25 an hour to $1.40
183
What is a feminist
A person who believes in equal social, economic and political rights for women
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What does the NOW stand for
The national organisation for women
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What did the NOW want
Demanded equal rights for women in US law and a woman is allowed to make her own decisions
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